TY  - JOUR
AU  - Steffen, B.
AU  - Seyfried, A.
TI  - Methods for measuring pedestrian density, flow, speed and direction with minimal scatter
JO  - Physica / A
VL  - 389
SN  - 0378-4371
CY  - Amsterdam
PB  - North Holland Publ. Co.
M1  - PreJuSER-9818
SP  - 1902 - 1910
PY  - 2010
N1  - The experiments are supported by the DFG under grant KL 1873/1-1 and SE 1789/1-1. We thank M. Boltes for his support in preparation of videos for analysis.
AB  - The progress of image processing during recent years allows the measurement of pedestrian characteristics on a "microscopic" scale with low costs. However, density and flow are concepts of fluid mechanics defined for the limit of infinitely many particles. Standard methods of measuring these quantities locally (e.g. counting heads within a rectangle) suffer from large data scatter. The remedy of averaging over large spaces or long times reduces the possible resolution and inhibits the gain obtained by the new technologies.In this contribution we introduce a concept for measuring microscopic characteristics on the basis of pedestrian trajectories. Assigning a personal space to every pedestrian via a Voronoi diagram reduces the density scatter. Similarly, calculating direction and speed from position differences between times with identical phases of movement gives low-scatter sequences for speed and direction. Finally we discuss the methods to obtain reliable values for derived quantities and new possibilities of an in-depth analysis of experiments. The resolution obtained indicates the limits of stationary state theory. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
KW  - J (WoSType)
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
UR  - <Go to ISI:>//WOS:000275613800013
DO  - DOI:10.1016/j.physa.2009.12.015
UR  - https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/9818
ER  -