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@ARTICLE{Steffen:9818,
      author       = {Steffen, B. and Seyfried, A.},
      title        = {{M}ethods for measuring pedestrian density, flow, speed and
                      direction with minimal scatter},
      journal      = {Physica / A},
      volume       = {389},
      issn         = {0378-4371},
      address      = {Amsterdam},
      publisher    = {North Holland Publ. Co.},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-9818},
      pages        = {1902 - 1910},
      year         = {2010},
      note         = {The experiments are supported by the DFG under grant KL
                      1873/1-1 and SE 1789/1-1. We thank M. Boltes for his support
                      in preparation of videos for analysis.},
      abstract     = {The progress of image processing during recent years allows
                      the measurement of pedestrian characteristics on a
                      "microscopic" scale with low costs. However, density and
                      flow are concepts of fluid mechanics defined for the limit
                      of infinitely many particles. Standard methods of measuring
                      these quantities locally (e.g. counting heads within a
                      rectangle) suffer from large data scatter. The remedy of
                      averaging over large spaces or long times reduces the
                      possible resolution and inhibits the gain obtained by the
                      new technologies.In this contribution we introduce a concept
                      for measuring microscopic characteristics on the basis of
                      pedestrian trajectories. Assigning a personal space to every
                      pedestrian via a Voronoi diagram reduces the density
                      scatter. Similarly, calculating direction and speed from
                      position differences between times with identical phases of
                      movement gives low-scatter sequences for speed and
                      direction. Finally we discuss the methods to obtain reliable
                      values for derived quantities and new possibilities of an
                      in-depth analysis of experiments. The resolution obtained
                      indicates the limits of stationary state theory. (C) 2009
                      Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.},
      keywords     = {J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {Scientific Computing (FUEK411) / 411 - Computational
                      Science and Mathematical Methods (POF2-411)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK411 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-411},
      shelfmark    = {Physics, Multidisciplinary},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000275613800013},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.physa.2009.12.015},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/9818},
}