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@ARTICLE{Koltermann:998574,
      author       = {Koltermann, Lucas and Jacqué, Kevin and Figgener, Jan and
                      Zurmühlen, Sebastian and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{B}alancing group deviation $\&$ balancing energy costs due
                      to the provision of frequency containment reserve with a
                      battery storage system in {G}ermany},
      journal      = {International journal of electrical power $\&$ energy
                      systems},
      volume       = {142},
      issn         = {0142-0615},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-01187},
      pages        = {108327},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {renewable energy sources in the power grid. Thus, control
                      reserves such as frequency containment reserve aregaining in
                      importance and need further investigation. In Germany, the
                      power grid is divided into balancinggroups, in which supply
                      and demand must be balanced out. The provision of frequency
                      containment reserve,creates an imbalance in the respective
                      balancing group depending on the grid condition. However,
                      this energeticimbalance and the resulting costs for the
                      balancing group manager are further to be quantified. This
                      workprovides a simulation model that examines the energetic
                      imbalances resulting from the provision of
                      frequencycontainment reserve. We validate the simulation
                      results with field-data from the operation of a 6 MW
                      batterystorage system and derive the resulting cost for the
                      energy imbalances. In addition, flexibility options for
                      batteriesgiven by the regulatory framework in form of the
                      degrees of freedom are evaluated. The results show, thatthe
                      degrees of freedom enable a battery storage operator to
                      additionally charge up to 8.68 MWh/MW frequencycontainment
                      reserve per month or dis-charge up to 9 MWh/MW frequency
                      containment reserve per month onaverage. The additional
                      profits from the German imbalance settlement price vary on
                      average between 302 € and1,068 € per MW frequency
                      containment reserve per month. In Conclusion, the field-data
                      confirm the simulationdata in terms of energy deviations in
                      the balancing group due to the provision of FCR. Over the
                      period of onemonth, the deviation usually leads to a
                      cost-related advantage for the balancing group manager. The
                      provision offrequency containment reserve as a grid service
                      can therefore be seen as a positive gain for a balancing
                      group.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000805206100003},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.ijepes.2022.108327},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/998574},
}