TY  - JOUR
AU  - Jacqué, Kevin
AU  - Koltermann, Lucas
AU  - Figgener, Jan
AU  - Zurmühlen, Sebastian
AU  - Sauer, Dirk Uwe
TI  - The influence of frequency containment reserve on the cycles of a hybrid stationary large-scale storage system
JO  - Journal of energy storage
VL  - 52
SN  - 2352-152X
CY  - Amsterdam [u.a.]
PB  - Elsevier
M1  - FZJ-2023-01188
SP  - 105040
PY  - 2022
AB  - Europe's aim of climate neutrality by 2050 places higher demands on the electricity grid due to the expansion ofrenewable energies with fluctuating feed-in. With their high flexibility and reaction speed, large-scale storagesystems (LSS) are predestined to compensate the fluctuating feed-in from renewable energies and to support theelectricity grid. For this reason, LSS are gaining importance on the market for frequency containment reserve(FCR) as well as in research. The majority of publications investigating the interaction between storage and FCRare based on simulations and, field measurements are rare. This paper presents the analyses of multi-year, highresolutionfield measurements of the hybrid 6 MW/7.5MWh battery storage “M5Bat” to address this issue. Thispaper analyses and compares the cycles of the LSS and its individual battery technologies (two types of lead-acidand three types of lithium-ion batteries) after four years of FCR operation. An estimation of the cyclic ageing ofthe individual batteries is determined by referring to the equivalent full cycles (EFC) specified by the manufacturer.The data-based cycle analysis of the LSS and its individual battery technologies reveals that theparticipation in the reserve market exposes the storage system to a high number of cycles with a low averagecycle depth of 1.69%. The EFC are small with an average of 0.278 and result in an average remaining number ofEFC of the battery units after four years of 83.2%. The high number of residual cycles compared to the SOH of thebattery units demonstrates the dominance of calendar ageing compared to cyclic ageing. The quality of thecontrol software of the hybrid LSS as well as the individual battery units is decisive for the age-optimisedoperation of the storage system on the reserve market. The presented results can be used to investigate andmodel the influence of FCR operation on the ageing and state variable of the different battery technologies.
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
UR  - <Go to ISI:>//WOS:000814726200002
DO  - DOI:10.1016/j.est.2022.105040
UR  - https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/998575
ER  -