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@ARTICLE{Jacqu:998575,
      author       = {Jacqué, Kevin and Koltermann, Lucas and Figgener, Jan and
                      Zurmühlen, Sebastian and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{T}he influence of frequency containment reserve on the
                      cycles of a hybrid stationary large-scale storage system},
      journal      = {Journal of energy storage},
      volume       = {52},
      issn         = {2352-152X},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-01188},
      pages        = {105040},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Europe's aim of climate neutrality by 2050 places higher
                      demands on the electricity grid due to the expansion
                      ofrenewable energies with fluctuating feed-in. With their
                      high flexibility and reaction speed, large-scale
                      storagesystems (LSS) are predestined to compensate the
                      fluctuating feed-in from renewable energies and to support
                      theelectricity grid. For this reason, LSS are gaining
                      importance on the market for frequency containment
                      reserve(FCR) as well as in research. The majority of
                      publications investigating the interaction between storage
                      and FCRare based on simulations and, field measurements are
                      rare. This paper presents the analyses of multi-year,
                      highresolutionfield measurements of the hybrid 6 MW/7.5MWh
                      battery storage “M5Bat” to address this issue. Thispaper
                      analyses and compares the cycles of the LSS and its
                      individual battery technologies (two types of lead-acidand
                      three types of lithium-ion batteries) after four years of
                      FCR operation. An estimation of the cyclic ageing ofthe
                      individual batteries is determined by referring to the
                      equivalent full cycles (EFC) specified by the
                      manufacturer.The data-based cycle analysis of the LSS and
                      its individual battery technologies reveals that
                      theparticipation in the reserve market exposes the storage
                      system to a high number of cycles with a low averagecycle
                      depth of $1.69\%.$ The EFC are small with an average of
                      0.278 and result in an average remaining number ofEFC of the
                      battery units after four years of $83.2\%.$ The high number
                      of residual cycles compared to the SOH of thebattery units
                      demonstrates the dominance of calendar ageing compared to
                      cyclic ageing. The quality of thecontrol software of the
                      hybrid LSS as well as the individual battery units is
                      decisive for the age-optimisedoperation of the storage
                      system on the reserve market. The presented results can be
                      used to investigate andmodel the influence of FCR operation
                      on the ageing and state variable of the different battery
                      technologies.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {333.7},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000814726200002},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.est.2022.105040},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/998575},
}