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@ARTICLE{Zavos:999173,
      author       = {Zavos, Ioannis and Danilov, Dmitri L. and Notten, Peter H.
                      L.},
      title        = {{M}odeling and {I}mplementation of a {H}ighly {E}fficient
                      {S}olar-{P}owered {S}torage {I}nstallation through
                      {S}elf-{R}econfigurable {B}atteries},
      journal      = {Open journal of energy efficiency},
      volume       = {11},
      number       = {02},
      issn         = {2169-2637},
      address      = {Irvine, CA},
      publisher    = {Scientific Research Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-01207},
      pages        = {37 - 53},
      year         = {2022},
      abstract     = {Self-reconfigurable batteries represent a new and promising
                      technique of electrochemical storage. The application of
                      self-reconfigurable batteries can resolve the challenge of
                      efficient renewable storage in solar-powered installations.
                      In this paper, the problem of solar panel’s Maximum Power
                      Point (MPP) tracking utilizing self-reconfigurable batteries
                      is explored through modeling. The efficiency of energy
                      storage is improved by removing the intervening DC/DC
                      converter, which is usually necessary for solar PV
                      applications. To make such a system functional, a Switching
                      Battery Management System (SBMS) is proposed instead of a
                      traditional couple of DC/DC converter and usual BMS. This
                      system allows the series connection of multiple battery
                      modules of different sizes, States-of-Charge (SoC), and
                      States-of-Health (SoH). Two main challenges arise by the
                      proposed implementation: tracking MPP of solar panels
                      through battery cell switching and maintaining an equal
                      (balanced) SoC of the separate cells/modules. The
                      theoretical investigation includes developing the distinct
                      software parts: digital twins of the battery module and
                      solar PV modules that interact with the SBMS and the
                      algorithm according to which the proposed SBMS will operate.
                      The SBMS algorithm, based on sorting the battery cells
                      according to their SoC, resolves both challenges. Having
                      this promising theoretical starting point, a working
                      prototype was developed. The prototype worked as expected
                      and was tested under field conditions, being integrated into
                      the power grid as part of a virtual power plant.},
      cin          = {IEK-9},
      ddc          = {624},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.4236/ojee.2022.112004},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/999173},
}