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The Fast Multipole Method (FMM) is an optimally efficient algorithm for solving N -body problems: a fundamental challenge in fields like astrophysics, plasma physics and molecular dynamics. It is particularly suited for computing 1/r potentials present in Coulomb and gravitational particle systems. [...]

The Fast Multipole Method (FMM) is an optimally efficient algorithm for solving N -body problems: a fundamental challenge in fields like astrophysics, plasma physics and molecular dynamics. It is particularly suited for computing 1/r potentials present in Coulomb and gravitational particle systems. [...]

• Background and Aims In perennial crops, efficient resource acquisition critically depends on whole-plantarchitecture, encompassing both canopy and root systems. In grafted grapevine, research has largely focused onscion canopy structure, whereas root system architecture – despite its key role in water and nutrient uptake –remains underexplored. [...]

The amygdala is a subcortical region in the mesiotemporal lobe that plays a key role in emotional and sensory functions. Conventional neuroimaging experiments treat this structure as a single, uniform entity, but there is ample histological evidence for subregional heterogeneity in microstructure and function. [...]