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@ARTICLE{Gago:1005321,
      author       = {Gago, Mauricio and Kreter, Arkadi and Unterberg, Bernhard
                      and Wirtz, Marius},
      title        = {{B}ubble {F}ormation in {ITER}-{G}rade {T}ungsten after
                      {E}xposure to {S}tationary {D}/{H}e {P}lasma and {ELM}-like
                      {T}hermal {S}hocks},
      journal      = {Journal of nuclear engineering},
      volume       = {4},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2673-4362},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-01430},
      pages        = {204 - 212},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Plasma-facing materials (PFMs) in the ITER divertor will be
                      exposed to severe conditions, including exposure to
                      transient heat loads from edge-localized modes (ELMs) and to
                      plasma particles and neutrons. Tungsten is the material
                      chosen as PFM for the ITER divertor. In previous tests,
                      bubble formation in ITER-grade tungsten was detected when
                      exposed to fusion relevant conditions. For this study,
                      ITER-grade tungsten was exposed to simultaneous ELM-like
                      transient heat loads and D/He $(6\%)$ plasma in the linear
                      plasma device PSI-2. Bubble formation was then investigated
                      via SEM micrographs and FIB cuts. It was found that for
                      exposure to 100.000 laser pulses of 0.6 GWm−2 absorbed
                      power density (Pabs), only small bubbles in the nanometer
                      range were formed close to the surface. After increasing
                      Pabs to 0.8 and 1.0 GWm−2, the size of the bubbles went up
                      to about 1 µm in size and were deeper below the surface.
                      Increasing the plasma fluence had an even larger effect,
                      more than doubling bubble density and increasing bubble size
                      to up to 2 µm in diameter. When using deuterium-only
                      plasma, the samples showed no bubble formation and reduced
                      cracking, showing such bubble formation is caused by
                      exposure to helium plasma.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {134 - Plasma-Wand-Wechselwirkung (POF4-134)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-134},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001188658700001},
      doi          = {10.3390/jne4010016},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1005321},
}