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@ARTICLE{Borowec:1007374,
      author       = {Borowec, Julian and Selmert, Victor and Kretzschmar, Ansgar
                      and Fries, Kai and Schierholz, Roland and Kungl, Hans and
                      Eichel, Rüdiger-A. and Tempel, Hermann and Hausen, Florian},
      title        = {{C}arbonization {T}emperature {D}ependent {E}lectrical
                      {P}roperties of {C}arbon {N}anofibers ‐ from {N}anoscale
                      to {M}acroscale},
      journal      = {Advanced materials},
      volume       = {35},
      number       = {31},
      issn         = {0935-9648},
      address      = {Weinheim},
      publisher    = {Wiley-VCH},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02039},
      pages        = {2300936},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {An exact understanding of the conductivity of individual
                      fibers and their networks is crucial to tailor the overall
                      macroscopic properties of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based
                      carbon nanofibers (CNFs). Therefore, microelectrical
                      properties of CNF networks and nanoelectrical properties of
                      individual CNFs, carbonized at temperatures from 600 to 1000
                      °C, are studied by means of conductive atomic force
                      microscopy (C-AFM). At the microscale, the CNF networks show
                      good electrical interconnections enabling a homogeneously
                      distributed current flow. The network's homogeneity is
                      underlined by the strong correlation of macroscopic
                      conductivities, determined by the four-point-method, and
                      microscopic results. Both, microscopic and macroscopic
                      electrical properties, solely depend on the carbonization
                      temperature and the exact resulting fiber structure.
                      Strikingly, nanoscale high-resolution current maps of
                      individual CNFs reveal a large highly resistive surface
                      fraction, representing a clear limitation. Highly resistive
                      surface domains are either attributed to disordered highly
                      resistive carbon structures at the surface or the absence of
                      electron percolation paths in the bulk volume. With
                      increased carbonization temperature, the conductive surface
                      domains grow in size resulting in a higher conductivity.
                      This work contributes to existing microstructural models of
                      CNFs by extending them by electrical properties, especially
                      electron percolation paths.},
      cin          = {IEK-9},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218},
      pnm          = {1231 - Electrochemistry for Hydrogen (POF4-123) / HITEC -
                      Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and
                      Climate Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406) / iNEW2.0
                      (BMBF-03SF0627A) / DFG project 390919832 - EXC 2186: Das
                      Fuel Science Center – Adaptive Umwandlungssysteme für
                      erneuerbare Energie- und Kohlenstoffquellen (390919832)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406 /
                      G:(DE-Juel1)BMBF-03SF0627A / G:(GEPRIS)390919832},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {37104167},
      UT           = {WOS:001016071500001},
      doi          = {10.1002/adma.202300936},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1007374},
}