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@ARTICLE{Aarab:1008450,
      author       = {Aarab, Fadoua and Kuhn, Bernd},
      title        = {{D}evelopment of {S}elf-{P}assivating, {H}igh-{S}trength
                      {F}erritic {A}lloys for {C}oncentrating {S}olar {P}ower
                      ({CSP}) and {T}hermal {E}nergy {S}torage ({TES})
                      {A}pplications},
      journal      = {Energies},
      volume       = {16},
      number       = {10},
      issn         = {1996-1073},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02350},
      pages        = {4084 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Concentrating solar power (CSP) and thermal energy storage
                      (TES) based on molten salts still lacks economic
                      feasibility, with the material investment costs being a
                      major drawback. Ferritic stainless steels are a
                      comparatively cheap class of materials that could
                      significantly contribute to cost reductions. The addition of
                      aluminum to ferritic steel can result in self-passivation by
                      forming a compact Al2O3 top layer, which exhibits
                      significantly higher corrosion resistance to solar salt
                      compared to the Cr2O3 surface layers typically formed on
                      expensive structural alloys for CSP and TES, such as
                      austenitic stainless steels and Ni-base super alloys.
                      However, to date, no ferritic stainless steel combining
                      Al2O3 formation and sufficient structural strength is
                      available. For this reason, cyclic salt corrosion tests
                      under flowing synthetic air were carried out on seven Laves
                      phase-forming, ferritic model alloys
                      (17Cr2-14Al0.6-1Nb2.6-4W0.25Si), using “solar salt” (60
                      wt. $\%$ NaNO3 and 40 wt. $\%$ KNO3). The Al content was
                      varied to investigate the influence on the precipitation of
                      the mechanically strengthening Laves phase, as well as the
                      impact on the formation of the Al-oxide top layer. The W and
                      Nb contents of the alloys were increased to examine their
                      influence on the precipitation of the Laves phase. The salt
                      corrosion experiments demonstrated that simultaneous
                      self-passivation against a molten salt attack and mechanical
                      strengthening by precipitation of fine Laves phase particles
                      is possible in novel ferritic HiperFerSCR (salt
                      corrosion-resistant) steel. Microstructural examination
                      unveiled the formation of a compact, continuous Al2O3 layer
                      on the surface of the model alloys with Al contents of 5 wt.
                      $\%$ and higher. Furthermore, a stable distribution of fine,
                      strengthening Laves phase precipitates was achieved in the
                      metal matrix, resulting in a combination of molten salt
                      corrosion resistance and potentially high mechanical
                      strength by a combination of solid solution and
                      precipitation strengthening. These results show that
                      high-strength ferritic alloys are suitable for use in CSP
                      applications},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {1242 - Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) (POF4-124) /
                      Verbundvorhaben STERN: Steigerung der Kosteneffizienz von
                      Flüssigsalzreceivern; Teilvorhaben: Entwicklung und
                      Qualifizierung von Werkstoffen für Solarreceiver
                      (03EE5048D)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1242 / G:(BMWi)03EE5048D},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000998109300001},
      doi          = {10.3390/en16104084},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1008450},
}