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@ARTICLE{DeRaedt:1008457,
      author       = {De Raedt, Hans and Katsnelson, Mikhail I. and Jattana,
                      Manpreet S. and Mehta, Vrinda and Willsch, Madita and
                      Willsch, Dennis and Michielsen, Kristel and Jin, Fengping},
      title        = {{E}instein–{P}odolsky–{R}osen–{B}ohm experiments: {A}
                      discrete data driven approach},
      journal      = {Annals of physics},
      volume       = {453},
      issn         = {0003-4916},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2023-02357},
      pages        = {169314},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {We take the point of view that building a one-way bridge
                      from experimental data to mathematical models instead of the
                      other way around avoids running into controversies resulting
                      from attaching meaning to the symbols used in the latter. In
                      particular, we show that adopting this view offers new
                      perspectives for constructing mathematical models for and
                      interpreting the results of
                      Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm experiments. We first
                      prove new Bell-type inequalities constraining the values of
                      the four correlations obtained by performing
                      Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm experiments under four
                      different conditions. The proof is “model-free” in the
                      sense that it does not refer to any mathematical model that
                      one imagines to have produced the data. The constraints only
                      depend on the number of quadruples obtained by reshuffling
                      the data in the four data sets without changing the values
                      of the correlations. These new inequalities reduce to
                      model-free versions of the well-known Bell-type inequalities
                      if the maximum fraction of quadruples is equal to one. Being
                      model-free, a violation of the latter by experimental data
                      implies that not all the data in the four data sets can be
                      reshuffled to form quadruples. Furthermore, being model-free
                      inequalities, a violation of the latter by experimental data
                      only implies that any mathematical model assumed to produce
                      this data does not apply. Starting from the data obtained by
                      performing Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm experiments,
                      we construct instead of postulate mathematical models that
                      describe the main features of these data. The mathematical
                      framework of plausible reasoning is applied to reproducible
                      and robust data, yielding without using any concept of
                      quantum theory, the expression of the correlation for a
                      system of two spin-1/2 objects in the singlet state. Next,
                      we apply Bell’s theorem to the Stern–Gerlach experiment
                      and demonstrate how the requirement of separability leads to
                      the quantum-theoretical description of the averages and
                      correlations obtained from an
                      Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm experiment. We analyze
                      the data of an Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm experiment
                      and debunk the popular statement that
                      Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm experiments have
                      vindicated quantum theory. We argue that it is not quantum
                      theory but the processing of data from EPRB experiments that
                      should be questioned. We perform
                      Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm experiments on a
                      superconducting quantum information processor to show that
                      the event-by-event generation of discrete data can yield
                      results that are in good agreement with the
                      quantum-theoretical description of the
                      Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm thought experiment. We
                      demonstrate that a stochastic and a subquantum model can
                      also produce data that are in excellent agreement with the
                      quantum-theoretical description of the
                      Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen–Bohm thought experiment.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / OpenSuperQ - An Open
                      Superconducting Quantum Computer (820363)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(EU-Grant)820363},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.aop.2023.169314},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1008457},
}