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| 001 | 1014684 | ||
| 005 | 20240712113242.0 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | _ | |a Rodenbücher, Christian |0 P:(DE-Juel1)142194 |b 0 |e Corresponding author |
| 245 | _ | _ | |a An Operando Study of the Thermal Reduction of BaTiO3 Crystals: The Nature of the Insulator–Metal Transition of the Surface Layer |
| 260 | _ | _ | |a Basel |c 2023 |b MDPI |
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| 520 | _ | _ | |a The insulator-to-metal transition upon the thermal reduction of perovskites is a well-known yet not completely understood phenomenon. By combining different surface-sensitive analysis techniques, we analyze the electronic transport properties, electronic structure, and chemical composition during the annealing and cooling of high-quality BaTiO3 single crystals under ultra-high-vacuum conditions. Our results reveal that dislocations in the surface layer of the crystal play a decisive role as they serve as easy reduction sites. In this way, conducting filaments evolve and allow for turning a macroscopic crystal into a state of metallic conductivity upon reduction, although only an extremely small amount of oxygen is released. After annealing at high temperatures, a valence change of the Ti ions in the surface layer occurs, which becomes pronounced upon the quenching of the crystal. This shows that the reduction-induced insulator-to-metal transition is a highly dynamic non-equilibrium process in which resegregation effects in the surface layer take place. Upon cooling to the ferroelectric phase, the metallicity can be preserved, creating a “ferroelectric metal.” Through a nanoscale analysis of the local conductivity and piezoelectricity, we submit that this phenomenon is not a bulk effect but originates from the simultaneous existence of dislocation-based metallic filaments and piezoelectrically active areas, which are spatially separated. |
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| 856 | 4 | _ | |u https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1014684/files/crystals-13-01278.pdf |y OpenAccess |
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