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@ARTICLE{Koltermann:1024377,
      author       = {Koltermann, Lucas and Celi Cortés, Mauricio and Figgener,
                      Jan and Zurmühlen, Sebastian and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{P}ower curves of megawatt-scale battery storage
                      technologies for frequency regulation and energy trading},
      journal      = {Applied energy},
      volume       = {347},
      issn         = {0306-2619},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02127},
      pages        = {121428 -},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Large-scale stationary battery energy storage systems
                      (BESS) continue to increase in number and size. Most systems
                      have been put into operation for grid services because of
                      their technical capabilities. With increasing and more
                      dynamic energy prices, their use in short-term energy
                      trading such as day-ahead and intraday trading has also been
                      gaining importance. In current technical and economic
                      simulations and trading models, batteries are often used as
                      an energy reservoir that can charge and discharge a constant
                      power specified by the energy over a certain time. However,
                      this simplification can lead to wrong results and makes
                      economic assessments difficult. In order to successfully use
                      BESS in energy trading, their real operating ranges and
                      limits must be investigated, since batteries respectively
                      BESS cannot deliver the same power over the entire state of
                      charge (SOC) range. With a performance test of our hybrid
                      BESS M5BAT, we show the characteristic performance curves
                      for different battery technologies and consequently suitable
                      operating ranges in a large-scale system configuration. The
                      results show the wide range of challenges such as battery
                      aging and balancing states that occur in the real-world
                      implementation of BESS. The lithium-ion batteries of the
                      system under test have a remaining usable energy between 75
                      $\%$ and 90 $\%,$ depending on the type of lithium-ion
                      battery, while the usable energy of the lead acid batteries
                      is only 60 $\%.$ The lithium-ion batteries were able to
                      deliver a constant power output in the SOC range between 10
                      $\%$ and 80 $\%,$ which is a necessary requirement in
                      short-term energy trading. The lead-acid batteries could
                      only be discharged at full power in the range of 100
                      $\%–50$ $\%$ SOC and charged at full power between 0 $\%$
                      and 50 $\%.$ In the performance test, balancing was a
                      limiting factor for lithium-ion batteries, while aging was
                      the limiting factor for lead-acid batteries. Based on our
                      findings, estimates for other existing BESS can be made to
                      determine feasible operating ranges of these batteries for
                      short-term energy trading. This also provides a guideline
                      for individual tests that should be carried out on other
                      BESS for verification.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122) / BMWK-03ESP265F
                      - M5BAT: Modularer multi-Megawatt multi-Technologie
                      Mittelspannungsbatteriespeicher; Teilvorhaben: Entwicklung
                      von Li-Ionen Batterien, Monitoring und Erstellung eines
                      Designhandbuchs (BMWK-03ESP265F) / BMBF 03EI4034 -
                      Einzelvorhaben: EMMUseBat - Entwicklung von Methoden für
                      den Multi-Use-Betrieb von modularen Batteriegroßspeichern
                      im Mittelspannungsnetz (BMBF-03EI4034)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223 / G:(DE-82)BMWK-03ESP265F /
                      G:(DE-82)BMBF-03EI4034},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001030356800001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121428},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1024377},
}