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| Journal Article | FZJ-2024-02127 |
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2023
Elsevier Science
Amsterdam [u.a.]
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Please use a persistent id in citations: doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121428 doi:10.34734/FZJ-2024-02127
Abstract: Large-scale stationary battery energy storage systems (BESS) continue to increase in number and size. Most systems have been put into operation for grid services because of their technical capabilities. With increasing and more dynamic energy prices, their use in short-term energy trading such as day-ahead and intraday trading has also been gaining importance. In current technical and economic simulations and trading models, batteries are often used as an energy reservoir that can charge and discharge a constant power specified by the energy over a certain time. However, this simplification can lead to wrong results and makes economic assessments difficult. In order to successfully use BESS in energy trading, their real operating ranges and limits must be investigated, since batteries respectively BESS cannot deliver the same power over the entire state of charge (SOC) range. With a performance test of our hybrid BESS M5BAT, we show the characteristic performance curves for different battery technologies and consequently suitable operating ranges in a large-scale system configuration. The results show the wide range of challenges such as battery aging and balancing states that occur in the real-world implementation of BESS. The lithium-ion batteries of the system under test have a remaining usable energy between 75 % and 90 %, depending on the type of lithium-ion battery, while the usable energy of the lead acid batteries is only 60 %. The lithium-ion batteries were able to deliver a constant power output in the SOC range between 10 % and 80 %, which is a necessary requirement in short-term energy trading. The lead-acid batteries could only be discharged at full power in the range of 100 %–50 % SOC and charged at full power between 0 % and 50 %. In the performance test, balancing was a limiting factor for lithium-ion batteries, while aging was the limiting factor for lead-acid batteries. Based on our findings, estimates for other existing BESS can be made to determine feasible operating ranges of these batteries for short-term energy trading. This also provides a guideline for individual tests that should be carried out on other BESS for verification.
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