% IMPORTANT: The following is UTF-8 encoded.  This means that in the presence
% of non-ASCII characters, it will not work with BibTeX 0.99 or older.
% Instead, you should use an up-to-date BibTeX implementation like “bibtex8” or
% “biber”.

@ARTICLE{Hecht:1024895,
      author       = {Hecht, Christopher and Figgener, Jan and Sauer, Dirk Uwe},
      title        = {{V}ehicle-to-{G}rid {M}arket {R}eadiness in {E}urope with a
                      {S}pecial {F}ocus on {G}ermany},
      journal      = {Vehicles},
      volume       = {5},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {2624-8921},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI AG},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2024-02546},
      pages        = {1452 - 1466},
      year         = {2023},
      abstract     = {Vehicle-to-grid means that electric vehicles are charged
                      when electricity is plentiful and discharged when it is
                      scarce. New battery-electric vehicles have an energy
                      capacity above 60 kWh installed and practically always have
                      a DC connector. With over 1 million of such vehicles in
                      Germany alone already, the flexibility potential to balance
                      out fluctuating renewable generation or compensate for grid
                      constraints is large. While many actors are working to
                      enable this market, the readiness of hardware and
                      regulations as well as the potential volume are hard to
                      grasp. This paper provides an overview of these factors for
                      Europe with a special focus on Germany. We find that some
                      countries started to implement regulatory frameworks but
                      none are ready yet. Issues include taxation, the fulfillment
                      of grid codes, and the lack of smart meters. In terms of
                      vehicles, 25 manufacturers with bidirectional charging
                      ability were identified, but most vehicles were only used in
                      field tests or operate in island mode. In terms of charging
                      infrastructure, the picture is brighter with at least 20
                      manufacturers that offer DC bidirectional charging stations
                      and 2 offering an AC variant.},
      cin          = {IEK-12},
      ddc          = {600},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-12-20141217},
      pnm          = {1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1223},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:001130611600001},
      doi          = {10.3390/vehicles5040079},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1024895},
}