Journal Article

FZJ-2024-02546

http://join2-wiki.gsi.de/foswiki/pub/Main/Artwork/join2_logo100x88.png Vehicle-to-Grid Market Readiness in Europe with a Special Focus on Germany

Hecht, C. ; Figgener, J. ; Sauer, D. U. (Corresponding author)FZJ*

2023
MDPI AG Basel

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Please use a persistent id in citations: doi:10.3390/vehicles5040079  doi:10.34734/FZJ-2024-02546

Abstract: Vehicle-to-grid means that electric vehicles are charged when electricity is plentiful and discharged when it is scarce. New battery-electric vehicles have an energy capacity above 60 kWh installed and practically always have a DC connector. With over 1 million of such vehicles in Germany alone already, the flexibility potential to balance out fluctuating renewable generation or compensate for grid constraints is large. While many actors are working to enable this market, the readiness of hardware and regulations as well as the potential volume are hard to grasp. This paper provides an overview of these factors for Europe with a special focus on Germany. We find that some countries started to implement regulatory frameworks but none are ready yet. Issues include taxation, the fulfillment of grid codes, and the lack of smart meters. In terms of vehicles, 25 manufacturers with bidirectional charging ability were identified, but most vehicles were only used in field tests or operate in island mode. In terms of charging infrastructure, the picture is brighter with at least 20 manufacturers that offer DC bidirectional charging stations and 2 offering an AC variant.

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Contributing Institute(s):

1. Helmholtz-Institut Münster Ionenleiter für Energiespeicher (IEK-12)

Research Program(s):

1. 1223 - Batteries in Application (POF4-122) (POF4-122)

Appears in the scientific report 2024

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Database coverage:
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