%0 Journal Article
%A Lohmann, Philipp
%A Schäfer, Laura
%A Krause, Sandra
%A Altunay, Betül
%A Willuweit, Antje
%A Werner, Jan-Michael
%A Galldiks, Norbert
%A Langen, Karl-Josef
%A Mottaghy, Felix M
%A Lütje, Susanne
%T Advancements in non-invasive visualization of the immune environment in glioblastoma: A Systematic Review
%J Neuro-oncology advances
%V 7
%N 1
%@ 2632-2498
%C Oxford
%I Oxford University Press
%M FZJ-2025-03593
%P vdaf176
%D 2025
%Z German Research Foundation (DFG) within the framework of the Research Training Group 2375 “Tumor-targeted Drug Delivery” (grant 331065168)
%X Background: Glioblastoma is known for its highly immunosuppressive microenvironment, hindering the efficacy of immunotherapies. Noninvasive imaging like immuno-positron emission tomography (PET) offers the potential for visualizing immune dynamics within glioblastoma, potentially aiding in patient selection and treatment monitoring. This systematic review evaluates immuno-PET tracers currently under investigation for the noninvasive visualization of the immune environment in glioblastoma.Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science up to March 2025, using keywords related to glioblastoma, immuno-PET, immune compartments, and specific tracers. Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, focusing on the development, characterization, or application of immuno-PET tracers targeting immune cells or immune checkpoint molecules in glioblastoma.Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, exploring tracers targeting immune checkpoints and immune cell populations. Full-length antibodies demonstrated higher tumor specificity and retention compared to smaller fragments but showed longer circulation times. Peptide-based tracers and affibodies offered improved pharmacokinetics with rapid clearance and lower nonspecific uptake but encountered hurdles in ensuring adequate tumor targeting and retention. Advancements included dual-modal tracers combining PET and near-infrared fluorescence imaging for enhanced diagnostic and intraoperative applications.Conclusions: Significant progress has been made in developing immuno-PET tracers for noninvasive visualization of immune reactions in glioblastoma. Challenges persist in clinical translation due to issues like blood-brain barrier permeability and safety profiles. Continued research and clinical evaluations are essential to harness the potential of immuno-PET in improving glioblastoma diagnosis, assessment of treatment response, and guiding personalized immunotherapy strategies, ultimately aiming to enhance patient outcomes.Keywords: brain tumors; glioma; immune imaging; immuno-PET; immunotherapy.
%F PUB:(DE-HGF)16
%9 Journal Article
%R 10.1093/noajnl/vdaf176
%U https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1045779