TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lohmann, Philipp
AU  - Schäfer, Laura
AU  - Krause, Sandra
AU  - Altunay, Betül
AU  - Willuweit, Antje
AU  - Werner, Jan-Michael
AU  - Galldiks, Norbert
AU  - Langen, Karl-Josef
AU  - Mottaghy, Felix M
AU  - Lütje, Susanne
TI  - Advancements in non-invasive visualization of the immune environment in glioblastoma: A Systematic Review
JO  - Neuro-oncology advances
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
SN  - 2632-2498
CY  - Oxford
PB  - Oxford University Press
M1  - FZJ-2025-03593
SP  - vdaf176
PY  - 2025
N1  - German Research Foundation (DFG) within the framework of the Research Training Group 2375 “Tumor-targeted Drug Delivery” (grant 331065168)
AB  - Background: Glioblastoma is known for its highly immunosuppressive microenvironment, hindering the efficacy of immunotherapies. Noninvasive imaging like immuno-positron emission tomography (PET) offers the potential for visualizing immune dynamics within glioblastoma, potentially aiding in patient selection and treatment monitoring. This systematic review evaluates immuno-PET tracers currently under investigation for the noninvasive visualization of the immune environment in glioblastoma.Methods: A literature search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science up to March 2025, using keywords related to glioblastoma, immuno-PET, immune compartments, and specific tracers. Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, focusing on the development, characterization, or application of immuno-PET tracers targeting immune cells or immune checkpoint molecules in glioblastoma.Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria, exploring tracers targeting immune checkpoints and immune cell populations. Full-length antibodies demonstrated higher tumor specificity and retention compared to smaller fragments but showed longer circulation times. Peptide-based tracers and affibodies offered improved pharmacokinetics with rapid clearance and lower nonspecific uptake but encountered hurdles in ensuring adequate tumor targeting and retention. Advancements included dual-modal tracers combining PET and near-infrared fluorescence imaging for enhanced diagnostic and intraoperative applications.Conclusions: Significant progress has been made in developing immuno-PET tracers for noninvasive visualization of immune reactions in glioblastoma. Challenges persist in clinical translation due to issues like blood-brain barrier permeability and safety profiles. Continued research and clinical evaluations are essential to harness the potential of immuno-PET in improving glioblastoma diagnosis, assessment of treatment response, and guiding personalized immunotherapy strategies, ultimately aiming to enhance patient outcomes.Keywords: brain tumors; glioma; immune imaging; immuno-PET; immunotherapy.
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
DO  - DOI:10.1093/noajnl/vdaf176
UR  - https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1045779
ER  -