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@ARTICLE{Lohmann:1045779,
      author       = {Lohmann, Philipp and Schäfer, Laura and Krause, Sandra and
                      Altunay, Betül and Willuweit, Antje and Werner, Jan-Michael
                      and Galldiks, Norbert and Langen, Karl-Josef and Mottaghy,
                      Felix M and Lütje, Susanne},
      title        = {{A}dvancements in non-invasive visualization of the immune
                      environment in glioblastoma: {A} {S}ystematic {R}eview},
      journal      = {Neuro-oncology advances},
      volume       = {7},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2632-2498},
      address      = {Oxford},
      publisher    = {Oxford University Press},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-03593},
      pages        = {vdaf176},
      year         = {2025},
      note         = {German Research Foundation (DFG) within the framework of
                      the Research Training Group 2375 “Tumor-targeted Drug
                      Delivery” (grant 331065168)},
      abstract     = {Background: Glioblastoma is known for its highly
                      immunosuppressive microenvironment, hindering the efficacy
                      of immunotherapies. Noninvasive imaging like immuno-positron
                      emission tomography (PET) offers the potential for
                      visualizing immune dynamics within glioblastoma, potentially
                      aiding in patient selection and treatment monitoring. This
                      systematic review evaluates immuno-PET tracers currently
                      under investigation for the noninvasive visualization of the
                      immune environment in glioblastoma.Methods: A literature
                      search was conducted in PubMed and Web of Science up to
                      March 2025, using keywords related to glioblastoma,
                      immuno-PET, immune compartments, and specific tracers.
                      Studies were screened based on predefined inclusion and
                      exclusion criteria, focusing on the development,
                      characterization, or application of immuno-PET tracers
                      targeting immune cells or immune checkpoint molecules in
                      glioblastoma.Results: Nineteen studies met the inclusion
                      criteria, exploring tracers targeting immune checkpoints and
                      immune cell populations. Full-length antibodies demonstrated
                      higher tumor specificity and retention compared to smaller
                      fragments but showed longer circulation times. Peptide-based
                      tracers and affibodies offered improved pharmacokinetics
                      with rapid clearance and lower nonspecific uptake but
                      encountered hurdles in ensuring adequate tumor targeting and
                      retention. Advancements included dual-modal tracers
                      combining PET and near-infrared fluorescence imaging for
                      enhanced diagnostic and intraoperative
                      applications.Conclusions: Significant progress has been made
                      in developing immuno-PET tracers for noninvasive
                      visualization of immune reactions in glioblastoma.
                      Challenges persist in clinical translation due to issues
                      like blood-brain barrier permeability and safety profiles.
                      Continued research and clinical evaluations are essential to
                      harness the potential of immuno-PET in improving
                      glioblastoma diagnosis, assessment of treatment response,
                      and guiding personalized immunotherapy strategies,
                      ultimately aiming to enhance patient outcomes.Keywords:
                      brain tumors; glioma; immune imaging; immuno-PET;
                      immunotherapy.},
      cin          = {INM-4 / INM-3},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-4-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)INM-3-20090406},
      pnm          = {5253 - Neuroimaging (POF4-525) / GRK 2375 - GRK 2375:
                      Tumor-Targeted Drug Delivery (331065168)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5253 / G:(GEPRIS)331065168},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1093/noajnl/vdaf176},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1045779},
}