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@INPROCEEDINGS{Belleflamme:1046905,
      author       = {Belleflamme, Alexandre and Hammoudeh, Suad and Görgen,
                      Klaus and Nieberding, Felix and Bogena, Heye and Ney,
                      Patrizia and Kollet, Stefan},
      title        = {{E}valuation of predicted soil moisture with the
                      hydrological model {P}ar{F}low/{CLM} against {CRNS} and
                      {S}oil{N}et sensors in {N}orth-{R}hine {W}estphalia,
                      {G}ermany},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-03986},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Recent years, alternating between droughts and extreme
                      precipitation events, have highlighted the need for both,
                      improved monitoring and accurate predictions of the
                      terrestrial water cycle. In particular, the impacts of dry
                      and wet extremes on subsurface water resources (e.g., soil
                      moisture, groundwater) are crucial to assess the impacts of
                      water scarcity and excess on ecosystem dynamics as well as
                      to provide stakeholders in agriculture, forestry, the water
                      sector, and other fields with information supporting the
                      sustainable use of these resources.In this context, the
                      ADAPTER (ADAPt TERrestrial Systems) project, which dealt
                      with the development and provisioning of innovative
                      simulation-based data and information products, initiated
                      the installation of 13 hydrometeorological monitoring
                      stations, 12 of which are located on or at the margins of
                      agricultural fields, and one on grassland. In addition to a
                      meteorological station measuring the usual meteorological
                      parameters (air temperature and humidity, wind speed and
                      direction, atmospheric pressure, solar radiation, and
                      precipitation), we installed SoilNet sensors that measure
                      soil moisture and temperature at four depths (5, 15, 30, and
                      60cm, with two sensors per depth), and a Cosmic Ray Neutron
                      Sensor (CRNS) to measure soil moisture at the field
                      scale.The continuous automated measurements are accompanied
                      by a free-running monitoring and forecasting system using
                      the integrated hydrological model ParFlow/CLM to predict the
                      terrestrial water cycle over hydrologic Germany. In this
                      setup, ParFlow/CLM simulates the 2D surface and 3D variably
                      saturated subsurface water states and fluxes at high spatial
                      resolution (0.6km) down to 60m depth with weather forecasts
                      from ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather
                      Forecasts) as atmospheric forcing. These simulations have
                      already been evaluated on a monthly basis with
                      satellite-based soil moisture and evapotranspiration, and
                      in-situ observations for groundwater table depth and
                      streamflow discharge (doi: 10.3389/frwa.2023.1183642).
                      However, their accuracy has never been assessed in a
                      comparison with in-situ soil moisture measurements and on a
                      daily basis at a very local, stakeholder-relevant
                      scale.During the observation period several extreme
                      hydrometeorological events happened, e.g., the extreme
                      precipitation event in mid-July 2021, the drought in summer
                      2022, the flash drought in June 2023, the exceptionally
                      rainy year 2024, and the dry winter and spring 2025. Here we
                      evaluate the ability of our ParFlow/CLM simulations to
                      reproduce soil moisture measured at our stations, both at
                      point scale at different depths with the SoilNet sensors and
                      integrated over a larger area (radius of ~200m) and around
                      20cm depth with the CRNS.The results show that uncalibrated
                      ParFlow/CLM is able to reproduce the evolution and temporal
                      dynamics of the soil moisture over time. The model’s
                      accuracy to reproduce the drying and rewetting of the soil
                      depends, amongst others, on the soil texture and vegetation
                      properties, which are represented in a simplified manner in
                      the simulation setup.},
      month         = {Sep},
      date          = {2025-09-29},
      organization  = {3rd OZCAR-TERENO Conference, Paris
                       (France), 29 Sep 2025 - 2 Oct 2025},
      subtyp        = {After Call},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {2173 - Agro-biogeosystems: controls, feedbacks and impact
                      (POF4-217)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-2173},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)24},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1046905},
}