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@ARTICLE{Lu:1049763,
      author       = {Lu, Han and Normann, Claus and Frase, Lukas and Rotter,
                      Stefan},
      title        = {{R}esolving inconsistent effects of t{DCS} on learning
                      using a homeostatic structural plasticity model},
      journal      = {Frontiers in network physiology},
      volume       = {5},
      issn         = {2674-0109},
      address      = {Lausanne},
      publisher    = {Frontiers Media},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2025-05547},
      pages        = {1-16},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Introduction: Transcranial direct current stimulation
                      (tDCS) is increasingly used to modulate motor learning.
                      Current polarity and intensity, electrode montage, and
                      application before or during learning had mixed effects.
                      Both Hebbian and homeostatic plasticity were proposed to
                      account for the observed effects, but the explanatory power
                      of these models is limited. In a previous modeling study, we
                      showed that homeostatic structural plasticity (HSP) model
                      can explain long-lasting after-effects of tDCS and
                      transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The interference
                      between motor learning and tDCS, which are both based on HSP
                      in our model, is a candidate mechanism to resolve complex
                      and seemingly contradictory experimental
                      observations.<br><br>Methods: We implemented motor learning
                      and tDCS in a spiking neural network subject to HSP. The
                      anatomical connectivity of the engram induced by motor
                      learning was used to quantify the impact of tDCS on motor
                      learning.<br><br>Results: Our modeling results demonstrated
                      that transcranial direct current stimulation applied before
                      learning had weak modulatory effects. It led to a small
                      reduction in connectivity if it was applied uniformly. When
                      applied during learning, targeted anodal stimulation
                      significantly strengthened the engram, while targeted
                      cathodal or uniform stimulation weakened it. Applied after
                      learning, targeted cathodal, but not anodal, tDCS boosted
                      engram connectivity. Strong tDCS would distort the engram
                      structure if not applied in a targeted
                      manner.<br><br>Discussion: Our model explained both Hebbian
                      and homeostatic phenomena observed in human tDCS experiments
                      by assuming memory strength positively correlates with
                      engram connectivity. This includes applications with
                      different polarity, intensity, electrode montage, and timing
                      relative to motor learning. The HSP model provides a
                      promising framework for unraveling the dynamic interaction
                      between learning and transcranial DC stimulation.},
      cin          = {JSC},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {5111 - Domain-Specific Simulation $\&$ Data Life Cycle Labs
                      (SDLs) and Research Groups (POF4-511) / SLNS - SimLab
                      Neuroscience (Helmholtz-SLNS) / DFG project
                      G:(GEPRIS)194657344 - EXC 1086: BrainLinks-BrainTools
                      (194657344) / JL SMHB - Joint Lab Supercomputing and
                      Modeling for the Human Brain (JL SMHB-2021-2027)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-5111 / G:(DE-Juel1)Helmholtz-SLNS /
                      G:(GEPRIS)194657344 / G:(DE-Juel1)JL SMHB-2021-2027},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.3389/fnetp.2025.1565802},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/1049763},
}