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@ARTICLE{Caspers:14820,
      author       = {Caspers, S. and Heim, S. and Lucas, M.G. and Stephan, E.
                      and Fischer, L. and Amunts, K. and Zilles, K.},
      title        = {{M}oral concepts set decision strategies to abstract
                      values},
      journal      = {PLoS one},
      volume       = {6},
      issn         = {1932-6203},
      address      = {Lawrence, Kan.},
      publisher    = {PLoS},
      reportid     = {PreJuSER-14820},
      pages        = {e18451},
      year         = {2011},
      note         = {This work was supported by the Initiative and Networking
                      Fund of the Helmholtz Association within the Helmholtz
                      Alliance on Systems Biology (Human Brain Model; KZ), the
                      Helmholtz Alliance for Mental Health in an Aging Society
                      (HelMA; KZ, KA), and a grant of the German Federal Ministry
                      of Education and Research ('Bundesministerium fur Bildung
                      und Forschung', BMBF; No: 01GW0613; KA). The funders had no
                      role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision
                      to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.},
      abstract     = {Persons have different value preferences. Neuroimaging
                      studies where value-based decisions in actual conflict
                      situations were investigated suggest an important role of
                      prefrontal and cingulate brain regions. General preferences,
                      however, reflect a superordinate moral concept independent
                      of actual situations as proposed in psychological and
                      socioeconomic research. Here, the specific brain response
                      would be influenced by abstract value systems and moral
                      concepts. The neurobiological mechanisms underlying such
                      responses are largely unknown. Using functional magnetic
                      resonance imaging (fMRI) with a forced-choice paradigm on
                      word pairs representing abstract values, we show that the
                      brain handles such decisions depending on the person's
                      superordinate moral concept. Persons with a predominant
                      collectivistic (altruistic) value system applied a
                      "balancing and weighing" strategy, recruiting brain regions
                      of rostral inferior and intraparietal, and midcingulate and
                      frontal cortex. Conversely, subjects with mainly
                      individualistic (egocentric) value preferences applied a
                      "fight-and-flight" strategy by recruiting the left amygdala.
                      Finally, if subjects experience a value conflict when
                      rejecting an alternative congruent to their own predominant
                      value preference, comparable brain regions are activated as
                      found in actual moral dilemma situations, i.e., midcingulate
                      and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Our results demonstrate
                      that superordinate moral concepts influence the strategy and
                      the neural mechanisms in decision processes, independent of
                      actual situations, showing that decisions are based on
                      general neural principles. These findings provide a novel
                      perspective to future sociological and economic research as
                      well as to the analysis of social relations by focusing on
                      abstract value systems as triggers of specific brain
                      responses.},
      keywords     = {Adult / Behavior: ethics / Behavior: physiology / Brain:
                      physiology / Decision Making: ethics / Decision Making:
                      physiology / Female / Humans / Intelligence: physiology /
                      Magnetic Resonance Imaging / Male / Morals / Personality:
                      physiology / Social Values / J (WoSType)},
      cin          = {INM-2 / INM-1},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)INM-2-20090406 / I:(DE-Juel1)INM-1-20090406},
      pnm          = {Funktion und Dysfunktion des Nervensystems (FUEK409) /
                      89571 - Connectivity and Activity (POF2-89571)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-Juel1)FUEK409 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-89571},
      shelfmark    = {Biology},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:21483767},
      pmc          = {pmc:PMC3069966},
      UT           = {WOS:000289058300017},
      doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0018451},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/14820},
}