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@ARTICLE{Huber:154483,
      author       = {Huber, Alexander and Arakcheev, A. and Sergienko, Gennady
                      and Steudel, Isabel and Wirtz, Marius and Burdakov, A. V.
                      and Coenen, Jan Willem and Kreter, Arkadi and Linke, Jochen
                      and Mertens, Philippe and Philipps, V. and Pintsuk, Gerald
                      and Reinhart, Michael and Samm, Ulrich and Shoshin, A. and
                      Schweer, Bernd and Unterberg, Bernhard and Zlobinski, M.},
      title        = {{I}nvestigation of the {I}mpact of {T}ransient {H}eat
                      {L}oads {A}pplied by {L}aser {I}rradiation on {ITER}-{G}rade
                      {T}ungsten},
      journal      = {Physica scripta},
      volume       = {T159},
      issn         = {1402-4896},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IoP Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-03804},
      pages        = {014005},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Cracking thresholds and crack patterns in tungsten targets
                      after repetitive ITER-like edge localized mode (ELM) pulses
                      have been studied in recent simulation experiments by laser
                      irradiation. The tungsten specimens were tested under
                      selected conditions to quantify the thermal shock response.
                      A Nd:YAG laser capable of delivering up to 32 J of energy
                      per pulse with a duration of 1 ms at the fundamental
                      wavelength λ = 1064 nm has been used to irradiate
                      ITER-grade tungsten samples with repetitive heat loads. The
                      laser exposures were performed for targets at room
                      temperature (RT) as well as for targets preheated to 400 °C
                      to measure the effects of the ELM-like loading conditions on
                      the formation and development of cracks. The magnitude of
                      the heat loads was 0.19, 0.38, 0.76 and 0.90 MJ m−2 (below
                      the melting threshold) with a pulse duration of 1 ms. The
                      tungsten surface was analysed after 100 and 1000 laser
                      pulses to investigate the influence of material modification
                      by plasma exposures on the cracking threshold. The observed
                      damage threshold for ITER-grade W lies between 0.38 and 0.76
                      GW m−2. Continued cycling up to 1000 pulses at RT results
                      in enhanced erosion of crack edges and crack edge melting.
                      At the base temperature of 400 °C, the formation of cracks
                      is suppressed.},
      cin          = {IEK-2 / IEK-4},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {135 - Plasma-wall interactions (POF2-135) / HITEC -
                      Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and
                      Climate Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-135 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000334847800006},
      doi          = {10.1088/0031-8949/2014/T159/014005},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/154483},
}