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@ARTICLE{Pommrich:154949,
      author       = {Pommrich, R. and Müller, Rolf and Grooß, J.-U. and
                      Konopka, P. and Ploeger, F. and Vogel, B. and Tao, M. and
                      Hoppe, C. M. and Günther, G. and Spelten, N. and Hoffmann,
                      L. and Pumphrey, H.-C. and Viciani, S. and D'Amato, F. and
                      Volk, C. M. and Hoor, P. and Schlager, H. and Riese, M.},
      title        = {{T}ropical troposphere to stratosphere transport of carbon
                      monoxide and long-lived trace species in the {C}hemical
                      {L}agrangian {M}odel of the {S}tratosphere ({CL}a{MS})},
      journal      = {Geoscientific model development discussions},
      volume       = {7},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1991-962X},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-04159},
      pages        = {5087 - 5139},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {Variations in the mixing ratio of trace gases of
                      tropospheric origin entering the stratosphere in the tropics
                      are of interest for assessing both troposphere to
                      stratosphere transport fluxes in the tropics and the impact
                      of these transport fluxes on the composition of the tropical
                      lower stratosphere. Anomaly patterns of carbon monoxide (CO)
                      and long-lived tracers in the lower tropical stratosphere
                      allow conclusions about the rate and the variability of
                      tropical upwelling to be drawn. Here, we present a
                      simplified chemistry scheme for the Chemical Lagrangian
                      Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) for the simulation, at
                      comparatively low numerical cost, of CO, ozone, and
                      long-lived trace substances (CH4, N2O, CCl3F (CFC-11),
                      CCl2F2 (CFC-12), and CO2) in the lower tropical
                      stratosphere. For the long-lived trace substances, the
                      boundary conditions at the surface are prescribed based on
                      ground-based measurements in the lowest model level. The
                      boundary condition for CO in the free troposphere is deduced
                      from MOPITT measurements (at ≈ 700–200 hPa). Due to the
                      lack of a specific representation of mixing and convective
                      uplift in the troposphere in this model version, enhanced CO
                      values, in particular those resulting from convective
                      outflow are underestimated. However, in the tropical
                      tropopause layer and the lower tropical stratosphere, there
                      is relatively good agreement of simulated CO with in-situ
                      measurements (with the exception of the TROCCINOX campaign,
                      where CO in the simulation is biased low ≈ 10–20 ppbv).
                      Further, the model results are of sufficient quality to
                      describe large scale anomaly patterns of CO in the lower
                      stratosphere. In particular, the zonally averaged tropical
                      CO anomaly patterns (the so called "tape recorder" patterns)
                      simulated by this model version of CLaMS are in good
                      agreement with observations. The simulations show a too
                      rapid upwelling compared to observations as a consequence of
                      the overestimated vertical velocities in the ERA-interim
                      reanalysis data set. Moreover, the simulated tropical
                      anomaly patterns of N2O are in good agreement with
                      observations. In the simulations, anomaly patterns for CH4
                      and CFC-11 were found to be consistent with those of N2O;
                      for all long-lived tracers, positive anomalies are simulated
                      because of the enhanced tropical upwelling in the easterly
                      phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation.},
      cin          = {IEK-7 / JSC},
      ddc          = {910},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)JSC-20090406},
      pnm          = {411 - Computational Science and Mathematical Methods
                      (POF2-411) / HITEC - Helmholtz Interdisciplinary Doctoral
                      Training in Energy and Climate Research (HITEC)
                      (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-411 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.5194/gmdd-7-5087-2014},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/154949},
}