%0 Journal Article
%A Bronzi, Danilo
%A Villa, Federica
%A Tisa, Simone
%A Tosi, Alberto
%A Zappa, Franco
%A Durini, Daniel
%A Weyers, Sascha
%A Brockherde, Werner
%T 100 000 Frames/s 64 x 32 Single-Photon Detector Array for 2-D Imaging and 3-D Ranging
%J IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics
%V 20
%N 6
%@ 1558-4542
%C New York, NY
%I IEEE
%M FZJ-2014-05324
%P 1 - 10
%D 2014
%X We report on the design and characterization of a multipurpose 64 × 32 CMOS single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) array. The chip is fabricated in a high-voltage 0.35-μm CMOS technology and consists of 2048 pixels, each combining a very low noise (100 cps at 5-V excess bias) 30-μm SPAD, a prompt avalanche sensing circuit, and digital processing electronics. The array not only delivers two-dimensional intensity information through photon counting in either free-running (down to 10-μs integration time) or time-gated mode, but can also perform smart light demodulation with in-pixel background suppression. The latter feature enables phase-resolved imaging for extracting either three-dimensional depth-resolved images or decay lifetime maps, bymeasuring the phase shift between amodulated excitation light and the reflected photons. Pixel-level memories enable fully parallel processing and global-shutter readout, preventing motion artifacts (e.g., skew, wobble, motion blur) and partial exposure effects. The array is able to acquire very fast optical events at high frame-rate (up to 100 000 fps) and at single-photon level. Lownoise SPADs ensure high dynamic range (up to 110 dB at 100 fps) with peak photon detection efficiency of almost 50% at 410 nm. The SPAD imager provides different operating modes, thus, enabling both time-domain applications, like fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, as well as frequency-domain FLIM and lock-in 3-D ranging for automotive vision and lidar.
%F PUB:(DE-HGF)16
%9 Journal Article
%U <Go to ISI:>//WOS:000357661100001
%R 10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2341562
%U https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/171758