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@ARTICLE{Bronzi:171758,
author = {Bronzi, Danilo and Villa, Federica and Tisa, Simone and
Tosi, Alberto and Zappa, Franco and Durini, Daniel and
Weyers, Sascha and Brockherde, Werner},
title = {100 000 {F}rames/s 64 x 32 {S}ingle-{P}hoton {D}etector
{A}rray for 2-{D} {I}maging and 3-{D} {R}anging},
journal = {IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
issn = {1558-4542},
address = {New York, NY},
publisher = {IEEE},
reportid = {FZJ-2014-05324},
pages = {1 - 10},
year = {2014},
abstract = {We report on the design and characterization of a
multipurpose 64 × 32 CMOS single-photon avalanche diode
(SPAD) array. The chip is fabricated in a high-voltage
0.35-μm CMOS technology and consists of 2048 pixels, each
combining a very low noise (100 cps at 5-V excess bias)
30-μm SPAD, a prompt avalanche sensing circuit, and digital
processing electronics. The array not only delivers
two-dimensional intensity information through photon
counting in either free-running (down to 10-μs integration
time) or time-gated mode, but can also perform smart light
demodulation with in-pixel background suppression. The
latter feature enables phase-resolved imaging for extracting
either three-dimensional depth-resolved images or decay
lifetime maps, bymeasuring the phase shift between
amodulated excitation light and the reflected photons.
Pixel-level memories enable fully parallel processing and
global-shutter readout, preventing motion artifacts (e.g.,
skew, wobble, motion blur) and partial exposure effects. The
array is able to acquire very fast optical events at high
frame-rate (up to 100 000 fps) and at single-photon level.
Lownoise SPADs ensure high dynamic range (up to 110 dB at
100 fps) with peak photon detection efficiency of almost
$50\%$ at 410 nm. The SPAD imager provides different
operating modes, thus, enabling both time-domain
applications, like fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and
fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, as well as
frequency-domain FLIM and lock-in 3-D ranging for automotive
vision and lidar.},
cin = {ZEA-2},
ddc = {530},
cid = {I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-2-20090406},
pnm = {143 - Radiation Research (POF2-143) / 434 - Optics and
Photonics (POF2-434) / 433 - Process Development (POF2-433)
/ 472 - Key Technologies and Innovation Processes (POF2-472)
/ 541 - Photons (POF2-541)},
pid = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-143 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-434 /
G:(DE-HGF)POF2-433 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-472 /
G:(DE-HGF)POF2-541},
typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
UT = {WOS:000357661100001},
doi = {10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2341562},
url = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/171758},
}