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@ARTICLE{Bronzi:171758,
      author       = {Bronzi, Danilo and Villa, Federica and Tisa, Simone and
                      Tosi, Alberto and Zappa, Franco and Durini, Daniel and
                      Weyers, Sascha and Brockherde, Werner},
      title        = {100 000 {F}rames/s 64 x 32 {S}ingle-{P}hoton {D}etector
                      {A}rray for 2-{D} {I}maging and 3-{D} {R}anging},
      journal      = {IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics},
      volume       = {20},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1558-4542},
      address      = {New York, NY},
      publisher    = {IEEE},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2014-05324},
      pages        = {1 - 10},
      year         = {2014},
      abstract     = {We report on the design and characterization of a
                      multipurpose 64 × 32 CMOS single-photon avalanche diode
                      (SPAD) array. The chip is fabricated in a high-voltage
                      0.35-μm CMOS technology and consists of 2048 pixels, each
                      combining a very low noise (100 cps at 5-V excess bias)
                      30-μm SPAD, a prompt avalanche sensing circuit, and digital
                      processing electronics. The array not only delivers
                      two-dimensional intensity information through photon
                      counting in either free-running (down to 10-μs integration
                      time) or time-gated mode, but can also perform smart light
                      demodulation with in-pixel background suppression. The
                      latter feature enables phase-resolved imaging for extracting
                      either three-dimensional depth-resolved images or decay
                      lifetime maps, bymeasuring the phase shift between
                      amodulated excitation light and the reflected photons.
                      Pixel-level memories enable fully parallel processing and
                      global-shutter readout, preventing motion artifacts (e.g.,
                      skew, wobble, motion blur) and partial exposure effects. The
                      array is able to acquire very fast optical events at high
                      frame-rate (up to 100 000 fps) and at single-photon level.
                      Lownoise SPADs ensure high dynamic range (up to 110 dB at
                      100 fps) with peak photon detection efficiency of almost
                      $50\%$ at 410 nm. The SPAD imager provides different
                      operating modes, thus, enabling both time-domain
                      applications, like fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) and
                      fluorescence correlation spectroscopy, as well as
                      frequency-domain FLIM and lock-in 3-D ranging for automotive
                      vision and lidar.},
      cin          = {ZEA-2},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-2-20090406},
      pnm          = {143 - Radiation Research (POF2-143) / 434 - Optics and
                      Photonics (POF2-434) / 433 - Process Development (POF2-433)
                      / 472 - Key Technologies and Innovation Processes (POF2-472)
                      / 541 - Photons (POF2-541)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-143 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-434 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF2-433 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-472 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF2-541},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000357661100001},
      doi          = {10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2341562},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/171758},
}