TY  - JOUR
AU  - Villa, Federica
AU  - Lussana, Rudi
AU  - Bronzi, Danilo
AU  - Tisa, Simone
AU  - Tosi, Alberto
AU  - Zappa, Franco
AU  - Dalla Mora, Alberto
AU  - Contini, Davide
AU  - Durini, Daniel
AU  - Weyers, Sasha
AU  - Brockherde, Werner
TI  - CMOS Imager With 1024 SPADs and TDCs for Single-Photon Timing and 3-D Time-of-Flight
JO  - IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics
VL  - 20
IS  - 6
SN  - 1558-4542
CY  - New York, NY
PB  - IEEE
M1  - FZJ-2014-05325
SP  - 1 - 10
PY  - 2014
AB  - We present a CMOS imager consisting of 32 × 32 smart pixels, each one able to detect single photons in the 300 – 900 nm wavelength range and to perform both photon-counting and photon-timing operations on very fast optical events with faint intensities. In photon-counting mode, the imager provides photonnumber (i.e., intensity) resolvedmovies of the scene under observation, up to 100 000 frames/s. In photon-timing, the imager provides photon arrival times with 312 ps resolution. The result are videos with either time-resolved (e.g., fluorescence) maps of a sample, or 3-D depth-resolvedmaps of a target scene. The imager is fabricated in a cost-effective 0.35-μmCMOStechnology, automotive certified.  Each pixel consists of a single-photon avalanche diode with 30 μm photoactive diameter, coupled to an in-pixel 10-bit time-to-digital converter with 320-ns full-scale range, an INL of 10% LSB and a DNL of 2% LSB. The chip operates in global shutter mode, with  full frame times down to 10 μs and just 1-ns conversion time. The reconfigurable imager design enables a broad set of applications, like time-resolved spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging, diffusive optical tomography, molecular imaging, time-of-flight 3-D ranging and atmospheric layer sensing through LIDAR.
LB  - PUB:(DE-HGF)16
UR  - <Go to ISI:>//WOS:000357666800001
DO  - DOI:10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2342197
UR  - https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/171759
ER  -