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@ARTICLE{Villa:171759,
author = {Villa, Federica and Lussana, Rudi and Bronzi, Danilo and
Tisa, Simone and Tosi, Alberto and Zappa, Franco and Dalla
Mora, Alberto and Contini, Davide and Durini, Daniel and
Weyers, Sasha and Brockherde, Werner},
title = {{CMOS} {I}mager {W}ith 1024 {SPAD}s and {TDC}s for
{S}ingle-{P}hoton {T}iming and 3-{D} {T}ime-of-{F}light},
journal = {IEEE journal of selected topics in quantum electronics},
volume = {20},
number = {6},
issn = {1558-4542},
address = {New York, NY},
publisher = {IEEE},
reportid = {FZJ-2014-05325},
pages = {1 - 10},
year = {2014},
abstract = {We present a CMOS imager consisting of 32 × 32 smart
pixels, each one able to detect single photons in the 300
– 900 nm wavelength range and to perform both
photon-counting and photon-timing operations on very fast
optical events with faint intensities. In photon-counting
mode, the imager provides photonnumber (i.e., intensity)
resolvedmovies of the scene under observation, up to 100 000
frames/s. In photon-timing, the imager provides photon
arrival times with 312 ps resolution. The result are videos
with either time-resolved (e.g., fluorescence) maps of a
sample, or 3-D depth-resolvedmaps of a target scene. The
imager is fabricated in a cost-effective
0.35-μmCMOStechnology, automotive certified. Each pixel
consists of a single-photon avalanche diode with 30 μm
photoactive diameter, coupled to an in-pixel 10-bit
time-to-digital converter with 320-ns full-scale range, an
INL of $10\%$ LSB and a DNL of $2\%$ LSB. The chip operates
in global shutter mode, with full frame times down to 10 μs
and just 1-ns conversion time. The reconfigurable imager
design enables a broad set of applications, like
time-resolved spectroscopy, fluorescence lifetime imaging,
diffusive optical tomography, molecular imaging,
time-of-flight 3-D ranging and atmospheric layer sensing
through LIDAR.},
cin = {ZEA-2},
ddc = {530},
cid = {I:(DE-Juel1)ZEA-2-20090406},
pnm = {434 - Optics and Photonics (POF2-434) / 433 - Process
Development (POF2-433) / 541 - Photons (POF2-541) / 631 -
Terrestrial Vehicles (POF2-631)},
pid = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-434 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-433 /
G:(DE-HGF)POF2-541 / G:(DE-HGF)POF2-631},
typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
UT = {WOS:000357666800001},
doi = {10.1109/JSTQE.2014.2342197},
url = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/171759},
}