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@ARTICLE{Tanner:817668,
      author       = {Tanner, J. and Bläsing, Marc and Müller, Michael and
                      Bhattacharya, S.},
      title        = {{R}eactions and {T}ransformations of {M}ineral and
                      {N}on-{M}ineral {I}norganic {S}pecies {D}uring the
                      {E}ntrained {F}low {P}yrolysis and {CO}$_{2}$ {G}asification
                      of {L}ow {R}ank {C}oals},
      journal      = {Energy $\&$ fuels},
      volume       = {30},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {0887-0624},
      address      = {Columbus, Ohio},
      publisher    = {American Chemical Society},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-04336},
      pages        = {3798-3808},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {The reactions and transformations of mineral and nonmineral
                      inorganic species in Victorian (MOR) and Rhenish (HKT) coals
                      were investigated in a two-stage process under high
                      temperature, entrained flow pyrolysis, and gasification
                      conditions. The parent coals were pyrolyzed at a temperature
                      between 1100 and 1400 °C in 100 vol $\%$ nitrogen. The
                      resulting char samples were collected and gasified at their
                      corresponding pyrolysis temperatures in 10–80 vol $\%$ CO2
                      in N2. Low temperature (500 °C) ash subsamples from the
                      parent coals, chars, and gasification residues were analyzed
                      for elemental and mineral phase composition. The phase
                      composition analysis was in agreement with the proportions
                      of various inorganic constituents in the elemental analysis.
                      In general, the extent of reaction and phase transformation
                      increased with increasing temperature and carbon conversion,
                      which is related to increasing temperature and CO2
                      concentration. The char elemental and phase compositions
                      were similar to those of the corresponding parent coal and
                      consisted predominantly of SiO2, CaSO4, and CaCO3 with minor
                      amounts of MgO and Fe2O3 in the MOR samples. Char
                      gasification resulted in consistently increasing reaction
                      and transformation trends, which indicates that
                      thermodynamic equilibrium was not reached. Low temperature
                      gasification of MOR and HKT char samples resulted
                      predominantly in thermal decomposition of CaSO4, retention
                      of CaCO3 due to recarbonation, and formation of MgO. The ash
                      composition at high temperature differed based on the
                      amounts of and reactions between various parent coal
                      inorganic constituents. In particular, the fate of Ca and Mg
                      differed markedly between the two coals. For MOR,
                      decomposition of MgO resulted in depletion of Mg at high
                      temperatures, whereas Mg was retained in HKT gasification
                      residues as MgAl2O4 and Ca2MgSi2O7 due to higher Si and Al
                      content. CaO from CaSO4 and CaCO3 decomposition was retained
                      in MOR samples as Ca2Fe2O5 and Ca2SiO4, and in HKT as
                      Ca2MgSi2O7.},
      cin          = {IEK-2},
      ddc          = {620},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-2-20101013},
      pnm          = {111 - Efficient and Flexible Power Plants (POF3-111)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-111},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000376417600027},
      doi          = {10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b03012},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/817668},
}