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@ARTICLE{Ael:825123,
      author       = {Añel, J. A. and Diallo, Mohamadou Abdoulaye and Legras,
                      Bernhard and Ray, Eric and Engel, Andreas},
      title        = {{G}lobal distribution of ${CO}\<sub\>2\</sub\>$ in the
                      upper troposphere and stratosphere},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {6},
      issn         = {1680-7316},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2016-07600},
      pages        = {3861–3878},
      year         = {2016},
      abstract     = {In this study, we aim to reconstruct a relevant and new
                      database of monthly zonal mean distribution of carbon
                      dioxide (CO2) at global scale extending from the
                      upper-troposphere (UT) to stratosphere (S). This product can
                      be used for model and satellite validation in the UT/S, as a
                      prior for inversion modelling and mainly to analyse a
                      plausible feature of the stratospheric-tropospheric exchange
                      as well as the stratospheric circulation and its
                      variability. To do so, we investigate the ability of a
                      Lagrangian trajectory model guided by ERA-Interim reanalysis
                      to construct the CO2 abundance in the UT/S. From 10 year
                      backward trajectories and tropospheric observations of CO2,
                      we reconstruct upper-tropospheric and stratospheric CO2 over
                      the period 2000–2010. The inter-comparisons of the
                      reconstructed CO2 with mid-latitude vertical profiles
                      measured by balloon samples as well as quasi-horizontal air
                      samples from ER-2 aircraft during SOLVE and CONTRAIL
                      campaigns exhibit a remarkable agreement. That demonstrates
                      the potential of Lagrangian model to reconstruct CO2 in the
                      UT/S. The zonal mean distribution exhibits relatively large
                      CO2 in the tropical stratosphere due to the seasonal
                      variation of the tropical upwelling of Brewer-Dobson
                      circulation. During winter and spring, the tropical pipe is
                      relatively isolated but is less narrow during summer and
                      autumn so that high CO2 values are more readily transported
                      out of the tropics to the mid- and high latitude
                      stratosphere. The shape of the vertical profiles suggests
                      that relatively high CO2 above 20 km altitude mainly enter
                      the stratosphere through tropical upwelling. CO2 mixing
                      ratio is relatively low in the polar and tropical regions
                      above 25 km. On average the CO2 mixing ratio decreases with
                      altitude by 6–8 ppmv from the UT to stratosphere (e.g. up
                      to 35 km) and is nearly constant with altitude.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000397933000002},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-17-3861-2017},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/825123},
}