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@ARTICLE{Kotov:829402,
      author       = {Kotov, Vladislav},
      title        = {{P}article conservation in numerical models of the tokamak
                      plasma edge},
      journal      = {Physics of plasmas},
      volume       = {24},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1089-7674},
      address      = {[S.l.]},
      publisher    = {American Institute of Physics},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-03115},
      pages        = {042511 -},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {The test particle Monte-Carlo models for neutral particles
                      are often used in the tokamak edge modelling codes. The
                      drawback of these models is that the self-consistent
                      solution suffers from random error introduced by the
                      statistical method. A particular case where the onset of
                      nonphysical solutions can be clearly identified is the
                      violation of the global particle balance due to
                      non-converged residuals. There are techniques that can
                      reduce the residuals—such as internal iterations in the
                      code B2-EIRENE—but they may pose severe restrictions on
                      the time-step and slow down the computations. Numerical
                      diagnostics described in this paper can be used to
                      unambiguously identify when the too large error in the
                      global particle balance is due to finite-volume residuals,
                      and their reduction is absolutely necessary. Algorithms that
                      reduce the error while allowing large time-step are also
                      discussed.},
      cin          = {IEK-4},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-4-20101013},
      pnm          = {174 - Plasma-Wall-Interaction (POF3-174)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-174},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000400390700054},
      doi          = {10.1063/1.4980858},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/829402},
}