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@ARTICLE{Elgeti:838214,
      author       = {Elgeti, Jens and Saggiorato, Guglielmo and Alvarez, Luis
                      and Jikeli, Jan F. and Gompper, Gerhard and Kaupp, Benjamin
                      U.},
      title        = {{H}uman sperm steer with second harmics of the flagellar
                      beat},
      journal      = {Nature Communications},
      volume       = {8},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2041-1723},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Nature Publishing Group},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-06876},
      pages        = {1415},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Sperm are propelled by bending waves traveling along their
                      flagellum. For steering in gradients of sensory cues, sperm
                      adjust the flagellar waveform. Symmetric and asymmetric
                      waveforms result in straight and curved swimming paths,
                      respectively. Two mechanisms causing spatially asymmetric
                      waveforms have been proposed: an average flagellar curvature
                      and buckling. We image flagella of human sperm tethered with
                      the head to a surface. The waveform is characterized by a
                      fundamental beat frequency and its second harmonic. The
                      superposition of harmonics breaks the beat symmetry
                      temporally rather than spatially. As a result, sperm rotate
                      around the tethering point. The rotation velocity is
                      determined by the second-harmonic amplitude and phase.
                      Stimulation with the female sex hormone progesterone
                      enhances the second-harmonic contribution and, thereby,
                      modulates sperm rotation. Higher beat frequency components
                      exist in other flagellated cells; therefore, this steering
                      mechanism might be widespread and could inspire the design
                      of synthetic microswimmers.},
      cin          = {ICS-2},
      ddc          = {500},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)ICS-2-20110106},
      pnm          = {553 - Physical Basis of Diseases (POF3-553)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-553},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:29123094},
      UT           = {WOS:000414869900001},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41467-017-01462-y},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/838214},
}