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@ARTICLE{Costa:838637,
      author       = {Costa, Anja and Meyer, Jessica and Afchine, Armin and
                      Luebke, Anna and Günther, Gebhard and Dorsey, James R. and
                      Gallagher, Martin W. and Ehrlich, Andre and Wendisch,
                      Manfred and Baumgardner, Darrel and Wex, Heike and Krämer,
                      Martina},
      title        = {{C}lassification of {A}rctic, midlatitude and tropical
                      clouds in the mixed-phase temperature regime},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {19},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-07210},
      pages        = {12219 - 12238},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {The degree of glaciation of mixed-phase clouds constitutes
                      one of the largest uncertainties in climate prediction. In
                      order to better understand cloud glaciation, cloud
                      spectrometer observations are presented in this paper, which
                      were made in the mixed-phase temperature regime between 0
                      and −38 °C (273 to 235 K), where cloud particles can
                      either be frozen or liquid. The extensive data set covers
                      four airborne field campaigns providing a total of 139 000
                      1 Hz data points (38.6 h within clouds) over Arctic,
                      midlatitude and tropical regions. We develop algorithms,
                      combining the information on number concentration, size and
                      asphericity of the observed cloud particles to classify four
                      cloud types: liquid clouds, clouds in which liquid droplets
                      and ice crystals coexist, fully glaciated clouds after the
                      Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process and clouds where
                      secondary ice formation occurred. We quantify the occurrence
                      of these cloud groups depending on the geographical region
                      and temperature and find that liquid clouds dominate our
                      measurements during the Arctic spring, while clouds
                      dominated by the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process are
                      most common in midlatitude spring. The coexistence of liquid
                      water and ice crystals is found over the whole mixed-phase
                      temperature range in tropical convective towers in the dry
                      season. Secondary ice is found at midlatitudes at −5 to
                      −10 °C (268 to 263 K) and at higher altitudes, i.e.
                      lower temperatures in the tropics. The distribution of the
                      cloud types with decreasing temperature is shown to be
                      consistent with the theory of evolution of mixed-phase
                      clouds. With this study, we aim to contribute to a large
                      statistical database on cloud types in the mixed-phase
                      temperature regime.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244) / HITEC - Helmholtz
                      Interdisciplinary Doctoral Training in Energy and Climate
                      Research (HITEC) (HITEC-20170406)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244 / G:(DE-Juel1)HITEC-20170406},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000412937900002},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-17-12219-2017},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/838637},
}