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@ARTICLE{Chang:838702,
      author       = {Chang, Kai-Lan and Petropavlovskikh, Irina and Cooper, Owen
                      and Schultz, Martin and Wang, Tao},
      title        = {{R}egional trend analysis of surface ozone observations
                      from monitoring networks in eastern {N}orth {A}merica,
                      {E}urope and {E}ast {A}sia},
      journal      = {Elementa},
      volume       = {5},
      number       = {0},
      issn         = {2325-1026},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {BioOne},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2017-07263},
      pages        = {50 - 72},
      year         = {2017},
      abstract     = {Surface ozone is a greenhouse gas and pollutant detrimental
                      to human health and crop and ecosystem productivity. The
                      Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) is designed to
                      provide the research community with an up-to-date
                      observation-based overview of tropospheric ozone’s global
                      distribution and trends. The TOAR Surface Ozone Database
                      contains ozone metrics at thousands of monitoring sites
                      around the world, densely clustered across mid-latitude
                      North America, western Europe and East Asia. Calculating
                      regional ozone trends across these locations is challenging
                      due to the uneven spacing of the monitoring sites across
                      urban and rural areas. To meet this challenge we conducted a
                      spatial and temporal trend analysis of several TOAR ozone
                      metrics across these three regions for summertime
                      (April–September) 2000–2014, using the generalized
                      additive mixed model (GAMM). Our analysis indicates that
                      East Asia has the greatest human and plant exposure to ozone
                      pollution among investigating regions, with increasing ozone
                      levels through 2014. The results also show that ozone mixing
                      ratios continue to decline significantly over eastern North
                      America and Europe, however, there is less evidence for
                      decreases of daytime average ozone at urban sites. The
                      present-day spatial coverage of ozone monitors in East Asia
                      (South Korea and Japan) and eastern North America is
                      adequate for estimating regional trends by simply taking the
                      average of the individual trends at each site. However the
                      European network is more sparsely populated across its
                      northern and eastern regions and therefore a simple average
                      of the individual trends at each site does not yield an
                      accurate regional trend. This analysis demonstrates that the
                      GAMM technique can be used to assess the regional
                      representativeness of existing monitoring networks,
                      indicating those networks for which a regional trend can be
                      obtained by simply averaging the trends of all individual
                      sites and those networks that require a more sophisticated
                      statistical approach.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000409413300001},
      doi          = {10.1525/elementa.243},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/838702},
}