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@ARTICLE{Lpke:841995,
      author       = {Lüpke, Felix and Cuma, David and Korte, Stefan and
                      Cherepanov, Vasily and Voigtländer, Bert},
      title        = {{F}our-point probe measurements using current probes with
                      voltage feedback to measure electric potentials},
      journal      = {Journal of physics / Condensed matter},
      volume       = {30},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1361-648X},
      address      = {Bristol},
      publisher    = {IOP Publ.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-00279},
      pages        = {054004-1 - 054004-7},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {We present a four-point probe resistance measurement
                      technique which uses four equivalent current measuring
                      units, resulting in minimal hardware requirements and
                      corresponding sources of noise. Local sample potentials are
                      measured by a software feedback loop which adjusts the
                      corresponding tip voltage such that no current flows to the
                      sample. The resulting tip voltage is then equivalent to the
                      sample potential at the tip position. We implement this
                      measurement method into a multi-tip scanning tunneling
                      microscope setup such that potentials can also be measured
                      in tunneling contact, allowing in principle truly
                      non-invasive four-probe measurements. The resulting
                      measurement capabilities are demonstrated for $
                      \newcommand{\BiTe}{{\rm BiSbTe_3}} \BiTe$ and $
                      \newcommand{\Si}{{\rm Si(1\,1\,1)-(7\times7)}} \Si$
                      samples.},
      cin          = {PGI-3 / JARA-FIT},
      ddc          = {530},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-3-20110106 / $I:(DE-82)080009_20140620$},
      pnm          = {141 - Controlling Electron Charge-Based Phenomena
                      (POF3-141)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-141},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:29260731},
      UT           = {WOS:000419799000001},
      doi          = {10.1088/1361-648X/aaa31e},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/841995},
}