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@ARTICLE{Trinh:844855,
      author       = {Trinh, Quang Thai and Ern, Manfred and Doornbos, Eelco and
                      Preusse, Peter and Riese, Martin},
      title        = {{S}atellite observations of middle
                      atmosphere–thermosphere vertical coupling by gravity
                      waves},
      journal      = {Annales geophysicae},
      volume       = {36},
      number       = {2},
      issn         = {1432-0576},
      address      = {Katlenburg, Lindau},
      publisher    = {Copernicus},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-02206},
      pages        = {425 - 444},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {Atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) are essentialfor the
                      dynamics of the middle atmosphere. Recent stud-ies have
                      shown that these waves are also important for
                      thethermosphere/ionosphere (T/I) system. Via vertical
                      coupling,GWs can significantly influence the mean state of
                      the T/Isystem. However, the penetration of GWs into the T/I
                      sys-tem is not fully understood in modeling as well as
                      obser-vations. In the current study, we analyze the
                      correlation be-tween GW momentum fluxes observed in the
                      middle atmo-sphere (30–90 km) and GW-induced perturbations
                      in the T/I.In the middle atmosphere, GW momentum fluxes are
                      derivedfrom temperature observations of the Sounding of the
                      At-mosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry
                      (SABER)satellite instrument. In the T/I, GW-induced
                      perturbations arederived from neutral density measured by
                      instruments on theGravity field and Ocean Circulation
                      Explorer (GOCE) andCHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP)
                      satellites. Wefind generally positive correlations between
                      horizontal dis-tributions at low altitudes (i.e., below 90
                      km) and horizontaldistributions of GW-induced density
                      fluctuations in the T/I(at 200 km and above). Two coupling
                      mechanisms are likelyresponsible for these positive
                      correlations: (1) fast GWs gen-erated in the troposphere and
                      lower stratosphere can propa-gate directly to the T/I and
                      (2) primary GWs with their ori-gins in the lower atmosphere
                      dissipate while propagating up-wards and generate secondary
                      GWs, which then penetrateup to the T/I and maintain the
                      spatial patterns of GW dis-tributions in the lower
                      atmosphere. The mountain-wave re-lated hotspot over the
                      Andes and Antarctic Peninsula is foundclearly in
                      observations of all instruments used in our analy-sis.
                      Latitude–longitude variations in the summer
                      midlatitudesare also found in observations of all
                      instruments. These vari-ations and strong positive
                      correlations in the summer midlat-itudes suggest that GWs
                      with origins related to convectionalso propagate up to the
                      T/I. Different processes which likelyinfluence the vertical
                      coupling are GW dissipation, possiblegeneration of secondary
                      GWs, and horizontal propagation ofGWs. Limitations of the
                      observations as well as of our re-search approach are
                      discussed.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000427749900001},
      doi          = {10.5194/angeo-36-425-2018},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/844855},
}