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@ARTICLE{Frey:844913,
      author       = {Frey, Carolin and Fang, Qingping and Sebold, Doris and
                      Blum, Ludger and Menzler, Norbert H.},
      title        = {{A} {D}etailed {P}ost {M}ortem {A}nalysis of {S}olid
                      {O}xide {E}lectrolyzer {C}ells after {L}ong-{T}erm {S}tack
                      {O}peration},
      journal      = {Journal of the Electrochemical Society},
      volume       = {165},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {1945-7111},
      address      = {Pennington, NJ},
      publisher    = {Electrochemical Soc.},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-02255},
      pages        = {F357 - F364},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {A long-term test with a two-layer solid oxide electrolyzer
                      stack was carried out for more than 20 000 hours. The stack
                      was mainly operated in a furnace environment in electrolysis
                      mode, with $50\%$ humidification of H2 at 800°C, a current
                      density of −0.5 Acm−2 and steam conversion rate of
                      $50\%.$ After ∼18 000 hours of operation in electrolysis
                      mode, the voltage and area specific resistance degradation
                      rates were $∼0.6\%/kh$ and $8.2\%/kh,$ respectively. A
                      detailed post mortem analysis of cells including ICP-OES and
                      microstructural analysis was conducted. Two main degradation
                      phenomena were observed in the cells: In the fuel electrode,
                      the depletion and agglomeration of nickel were visible. At
                      the air electrode, demixing of the air electrode and
                      diffusion of strontium took place. This was observed in the
                      formation of strontium zirconate at the interface between
                      the electrolyte and the GDC barrier layer as well as in the
                      formation of strontium oxide and strontium chromate on top
                      of the cells. Strontium oxide was even found in pores on top
                      of the electrolyte.},
      cin          = {IEK-1 / IEK-3},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-1-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135) / SOFC - Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
                      (SOFC-20140602)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135 / G:(DE-Juel1)SOFC-20140602},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000431803900115},
      doi          = {10.1149/2.0961805jes},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/844913},
}