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@BOOK{DiVincenzo:845776,
key = {845776},
editor = {DiVincenzo, David},
title = {{Q}uantum {I}nformation {P}rocessing},
volume = {52},
address = {Jülich},
publisher = {Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Zentralbibliothek, Verlag},
reportid = {FZJ-2018-02985},
isbn = {978-3-89336-833-4},
series = {Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich. Reihe
Schlüsseltechnologien / Key Technologies},
pages = {getr. Zählung},
year = {2013},
abstract = {Quantum Information Science is a cross-disciplinary subject
that has arisen in the last twenty years. It concerns itself
with the consequences of our most complete description of
the physical world (that is, quantum mechanics) for the
reliable, secure, private, and rapid processing of
information, both in communication and computation. While
its invention is often ascribed to the famous theoretical
physicist Richard Feynman in the 1980s, his contributions
were only one of many that initiated the field around that
time. While he perceived that new types of physical devices,
in which the quantum laws of superposition and entanglement
function at the logical level, could give new power in the
simulation of quantum physics, it was others (Bennett,
Brassard) who showed that the uncertainty principle led to
fundamentally more secure ways of communicating secret
messages. It was yet others (Deutsch, Vazirani) who
understood that quantum theory defined a new kind of Turing
machine, and that not only quantum physics simulations, but
potentially many other computational problems, are sped up
in this machine. And it was yet another (Shor) who found a
simple, very fast algorithm for prime factorization. The
word "qubit" was coined only in 1995. Its introduction is
indicative of a new mindset that has developed in recent
years for studying and using quantum systems. "Qubit" now
stands for a durable paradigm that spans a very wide variety
of fields. It thus has many sub-meanings: first, it is the
basic abstract unit of information for workers ranging from
optical communication engineers to NMR spectroscopists to
black-hole theorists. Second, it is the name we now
routinely give to physical two level systems, as they are
realized by photons, atomic and ionic eigenlevels,
electronic and nuclear spin, structural defects in solids,
and circulating-current states of superconducting devices.
Physics has long dealt with some of these two-level systems,
but calling them qubits implies a whole suite of
interrelated ideas and capabilities that we ascribe to these
systems: the ability to precisely set, and to precisely
measure, the quantum state of one unique specimen, to avoid
its coupling with the environment while at the same time
strongly and controllably coupling the qubits together, to
exploit the resulting quantum entanglement as a resource for
metrological, cryptographic, and computational tasks.
Quantum Information is a very diverse subject pursued today
in many different directions, by many hundreds of
researchers internationally: In theoretical physics, it has
enlivened and sharpened the understanding of efficient
representations of entangled many-particle wavefunctions,
and has provided the prospect of applications for new
concepts such as anyons and majorana fermions. Information
theorists has benefitted from having a rigorous extension of
the basis of their field, in which classical information
theory is subsumed into a greatly broader subject.
Theoretical computer scientists continue the search for new
quantum algorithms, and have used quantum concepts to prove
new results about the classification of computational
complexity. Coding theorists have had the new and subtle
problem of quantum error correction to analyse and conquer.
Most strikingly, the program of experimental physics has
been influenced in many directions by Quantum Information
Science. State-of-the-art optics experiments transmit
quantum states over long distances and perform precision
manipulations in single quanta (atomic ions, impurity spins,
quantum dots) in the quest to have working quantum
cyptography and quantum computing. Quantum Hall systems, and
topological insulators, are being assiduously examined for
new elementary excitations for use as qubits. In the course
of ten years, superconducting devices have improved by over
four orders of magnitude in their quantum coherence, a
metric made precise by the ideas of quantum computing.
[...]},
organization = {IFF-Ferienschule,},
cin = {PGI-2 / IAS-3},
cid = {I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-2-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)IAS-3-20090406},
pnm = {424 - Exploratory materials and phenomena (POF2-424)},
pid = {G:(DE-HGF)POF2-424},
typ = {PUB:(DE-HGF)3 / PUB:(DE-HGF)26},
url = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/845776},
}