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@ARTICLE{RodriguezDeLen:852452,
      author       = {Rodriguez De León, R. and Lim, L. L. and Lee, D. S. and
                      Bennett, M. and Krämer, Martina},
      title        = {{S}imple versus complex physical representation of the
                      radiative forcing from linear contrails; {A} sensitivity
                      analysis},
      journal      = {Journal of geophysical research / Atmospheres},
      volume       = {123},
      number       = {5},
      issn         = {0148-0227},
      address      = {Hoboken, NJ},
      publisher    = {Wiley},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-05398},
      pages        = {2831-2840},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {An off‐line complex representation of the radiative
                      forcing of linear contrails is applied for the first time to
                      monthly mean 3‐D distributions. This representation
                      assumes the same temperature‐dependent, spatially and
                      time‐varying functions of ice water content and particle
                      size for contrails as for natural cirrus. This complex
                      representation is contrasted with more commonly used
                      simplified setups in which fixed contrail optical depth
                      values [0.1 to 0.3] are prescribed and from which the
                      results show differences covering a factor of 3 assuming
                      fixed or variable contrail layer altitudes. This prescribed
                      range of representative fixed altitudes resulted in
                      differences covering a factor of 2 when the optical depth
                      was also fixed. Prescribing fixed particle sizes also
                      resulted in differences covering a factor of 2 if altitude
                      and optical depth are also fixed. In contrast, the inclusion
                      of the dependence of the contrail ice water content on
                      temperature produced differences of around $20\%$ or less
                      when assuming the same ranges of altitudes and ice particle
                      sizes, resulting in a much improved confidence in the
                      radiative forcing estimates and more accurate spatial and
                      temporal representations of the radiative interaction
                      between contrails and the background meteorology. Assuming a
                      contrail vertical extent of 500 m, a 9 mW m−2 annual mean
                      contrail radiative forcing is estimated, with an uncertainty
                      range between 1 and 23 mW m−2 based on the ice water
                      content's observed variability.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000428437100026},
      doi          = {10.1002/2017JD027861},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/852452},
}