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@ARTICLE{Pisinaras:857192,
      author       = {Pisinaras, Vassilios and Panagopoulos, Andreas and
                      Herrmann, Frank and Bogena, Heye and Doulgeris, Charalampos
                      and Ilias, Andreas and Tziritis, Evangelos and Wendland,
                      Frank},
      title        = {{H}ydrologic and {G}eochemical {R}esearch at {P}inios
                      {H}ydrologic {O}bservatory: {I}nitial {R}esults},
      journal      = {Vadose zone journal},
      volume       = {17},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {1539-1663},
      address      = {Alexandria, Va.},
      publisher    = {GeoScienceWorld},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2018-06429},
      pages        = {180102},
      year         = {2018},
      abstract     = {The Pinios Hydrologic Observatory (PHO) is located in the
                      River Pinios basin, which is one of the most productive
                      basins in Greece. The PHO was established to develop deep
                      knowledge of water balance at the river basin scale and to
                      improve understanding of the major hydrodynamic mechanisms
                      to improve hydrological modeling and ultimately sustainable
                      water resource management. The PHO comprises three
                      meteorological stations, 12 groundwater monitoring sites,
                      and one soil moisture monitoring site, which includes
                      frequency domain reflectometry sensors (SoilNet) and a
                      cosmic-ray neutron sensor (CRNS) probe. Although the PHO was
                      recently established (at the end of 2015), the preliminary
                      findings from data analysis are promising. Calculated
                      reference evapotranspiration (ETo) gradients demonstrate
                      differences regarding their annual cycle, total amount, and
                      altitude level. Moreover, climate analysis indicates
                      nocturnal mountain-valley winds. Groundwater level spatial
                      distribution indicates the dominant recharge mechanisms to
                      the alluvial aquifer system. These findings are also
                      supported by the hydrochemical data analysis (electrical
                      conductivity and, secondarily, NO3 distribution). Locally
                      elevated NO3 concentrations are attributed to agricultural
                      activities and call for review of the adopted farming
                      practices. Results from the soil moisture monitoring site
                      indicate a very good match between the CRNS probe and the
                      average SoilNet data. Future perspectives of the PHO include
                      geophysical surveys to accurately delineate the geometry of
                      the groundwater system, the expansion of groundwater and
                      soil moisture observation networks, and the application of
                      the mGROWA hydrologic model to accurately simulate the
                      hydrological processes in the PHO and upscale in the entire
                      River Pinios basin. Finally, in support of the local
                      farmers, we plan to develop and implement a distributed
                      irrigation programming protocol in the entire area of the
                      PHO.},
      cin          = {IBG-3},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IBG-3-20101118},
      pnm          = {255 - Terrestrial Systems: From Observation to Prediction
                      (POF3-255)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-255},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000449671600001},
      doi          = {10.2136/vzj2018.05.0102},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/857192},
}