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000858789 245__ $$aFluorine-free water-in-ionomer electrolytes for sustainable lithium-ion batteries
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000858789 520__ $$aThe continuously increasing number and size of lithium-based batteries developed for large-scale applications raise serious environmental concerns. Herein, we address the issues related to electrolyte toxicity and safety by proposing a “water-in-ionomer” type of electrolyte which replaces organic solvents by water and expensive and toxic fluorinated lithium salts by a non-fluorinated, inexpensive and non-toxic superabsorbing ionomer, lithium polyacrylate. Interestingly, the electrochemical stability window of this electrolyte is extended greatly, even for high water contents. Particularly, the gel with 50 wt% ionomer exhibits an electrochemical stability window of 2.6 V vs. platinum and a conductivity of 6.5 mS cm−1 at 20 °C. Structural investigations suggest that the electrolytes locally self-organize and most likely switch local structures with the change of water content, leading to a 50% gel with good conductivity and elastic properties. A LiTi2(PO4)3/LiMn2O4 lithium-ion cell incorporating this electrolyte provided an average discharge voltage > 1.5 V and a specific energy of 77 Wh kg−1, while for an alternative cell chemistry, i.e., TiO2/LiMn2O4, a further enhanced average output voltage of 2.1 V and an initial specific energy of 124.2 Wh kg−1 are achieved.
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000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)169694$$aYan, Bo$$b1
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aZhang, Xin$$b2$$eCorresponding author
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)172733$$aLiu, Zigeng$$b3
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBresser, Dominic$$b4
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aWang, Jun$$b5
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)161485$$aWang, Rui$$b6
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aCao, Xia$$b7
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)130991$$aSu, Yixi$$b8
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aJia, Hao$$b9
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aGrey, Clare P.$$b10
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)130646$$aFrielinghaus, Henrich$$b11
000858789 7001_ $$00000-0002-7742-7294$$aTruhlar, Donald G.$$b12
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)166130$$aWinter, Martin$$b13
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)176824$$aLi, Jie$$b14$$eCorresponding author
000858789 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)166311$$aPaillard, Elie-Elisée$$b15$$eCorresponding author$$ufzj
000858789 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2553671-0$$a10.1038/s41467-018-07331-6$$gVol. 9, no. 1, p. 5320$$n1$$p5320$$tNature Communications$$v9$$x2041-1723$$y2018
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