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@ARTICLE{Babcock:859902,
      author       = {Babcock, E. and Szekely, Noemi and Konovalova, Anastasii
                      and Lin, Y. and Appavou, M.-S. and Mangiapia, G. and Revay,
                      Zsolt and Stieghorst, Christian and Holderer, O. and
                      Henkensmeier, D. and Lehnert, W. and Carmo, M.},
      title        = {{U}sing neutron methods {SANS} and {PGAA} to study
                      evolution of structure and composition of {A}lkali-doped
                      {P}olybenzimidazole membranes},
      journal      = {Journal of membrane science},
      volume       = {577},
      issn         = {0376-7388},
      address      = {New York, NY [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-00718},
      pages        = {12-19},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Potassium hydroxide (KOH) doped polybenzimidazole (PBI)
                      membranes are investigated as compelling candidates for
                      water electrolysis applications, drastically reducing the
                      ohmic losses in contrast to thick ZrO2 based diaphragms.
                      Using small angle neutron scattering (SANS) we have found
                      that the structure of the (KOH doped) PBI changes with
                      doping time on a minute time scale, and that the development
                      of the structure is highly dependent on the KOH
                      concentration. This data is correlated with macroscopic
                      measurements of membrane swelling resulting from the doping
                      process which also occurs on a minute time scale. Then,
                      using prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) to follow the
                      changes in time of the chemical composition, we have found
                      that the K concentration of these samples only increases
                      slightly with doping times after a very rapid initial
                      uptake, reaching a saturation value that is relatively
                      independent of KOH concentration for long doping times of up
                      to 24 h. However measurements of similarly doped samples
                      show increases in ion-conductivity of nearly 3 fold, and
                      resistivity reductions of over 2 fold on the same time
                      scales. These measurements prove that PGAA is a sensitive
                      method to follow changes in the chemical compositions during
                      doping, while SANS can give information on the sub-micro
                      structural changes of polymer electrolyte membranes. Since
                      these methods can be correlated with ex-situ measurements of
                      composition, resistance, ion-conductivity and
                      macro-structure, the combined use of PGAA and SANS provides
                      a promising means for in-operando study in order to
                      elucidate changes in membrane performance due to
                      electrochemical cycling, as well as to help characterize and
                      optimize doping parameters though in-situ doping
                      measurements, by enabling real-time study of such membrane
                      systems.},
      cin          = {JCNS-FRM-II / IEK-3 / JCNS-2 / MLZ / Neutronenstreuung ;
                      JCNS-1},
      ddc          = {570},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-FRM-II-20110218 /
                      I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-3-20101013 / I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-2-20110106 /
                      I:(DE-588b)4597118-3 / I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-1-20110106},
      pnm          = {144 - Controlling Collective States (POF3-144) / 6213 -
                      Materials and Processes for Energy and Transport
                      Technologies (POF3-621) / 6215 - Soft Matter, Health and
                      Life Sciences (POF3-621) / 6G15 - FRM II / MLZ (POF3-6G15) /
                      6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-144 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6213 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6215 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G15 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-MLZ)PGAA-20140101 / EXP:(DE-MLZ)KWS2-20140101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000459156900002},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.memsci.2019.01.026},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/859902},
}