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@ARTICLE{Schierholz:860740,
      author       = {Schierholz, Roland and Kröger, Daniel and Weinrich,
                      Henning and Gehring, Markus and Tempel, Hermann and Kungl,
                      Hans and Mayer, Joachim and Eichel, Rüdiger-A.},
      title        = {{T}he carbonization of polyacrylonitrile-derived
                      electrospun carbon nanofibers studied by in situ
                      transmission electron microscopy},
      journal      = {RSC Advances},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {2046-2069},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {RSC Publishing},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-01404},
      pages        = {6267 - 6277},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Cathode structures derived from carbonized electrospun
                      polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers are a current line of
                      development for improvement of gas diffusion electrodes for
                      metal–air batteries and fuel cells. Diameter, surface
                      morphology, carbon structure and chemical composition of the
                      carbon based fibers play a crucial role for the
                      functionality of the resulting cathodes, especially with
                      respect to oxygen adsorption properties, electrolyte wetting
                      and electronic conductivity. These functionalities of the
                      carbon fibers are strongly influenced by the carbonization
                      process. Hitherto, fibers were mostly characterized by ex
                      situ methods, which require great effort for statistical
                      analysis in the case of microscopy. Here, we show the
                      morphological and structural evolution of nanofibers during
                      their carbonization at up to 1000 °C by in situ
                      transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Changes in fiber
                      diameter and surface morphology of individual nanofibers
                      were observed at 250 °C, 600 °C, 800 °C and 1000 °C in
                      imaging mode. The structural evolution was studied by
                      concomitant high resolution TEM and electron diffraction.
                      The results show with comparatively little effort shrinkage
                      of the nanofiber diameter, roughening of the surface
                      morphology and formation of turbostratic carbon with
                      increasing carbonization temperature at identical
                      locations.},
      cin          = {IEK-9 / ER-C-2 / JARA-ENERGY},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-9-20110218 / I:(DE-Juel1)ER-C-2-20170209 /
                      $I:(DE-82)080011_20140620$},
      pnm          = {143 - Controlling Configuration-Based Phenomena (POF3-143)
                      / 131 - Electrochemical Storage (POF3-131)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-143 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-131},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000459507800050},
      doi          = {10.1039/C8RA10491C},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/860740},
}