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@ARTICLE{Angst:865929,
      author       = {Angst, Manuel and Adiga, Shilpa and Gorfman, Semen and
                      Ziolkowski, Michael and Strempfer, Jörg and Grams,
                      Christoph and Pietsch, Manuel and Hemberger, Joachim},
      title        = {{I}ntrinsic {F}erroelectricity in {C}harge-{O}rdered
                      {M}agnetite},
      journal      = {Crystals},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {2073-4352},
      address      = {Basel},
      publisher    = {MDPI},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2019-05206},
      pages        = {546},
      year         = {2019},
      abstract     = {Single crystalline magnetite Fe 3 O 4 was investigated at
                      low temperatures in the charge ordered state by electric
                      measurements and time-resolved diffraction with voltage
                      applied in-situ. Dielectric spectroscopy indicates relaxor
                      ferroelectric characteristics, with polarization switching
                      observably only at sufficiently low temperatures and in a
                      suitably chosen time-window. PUND measurements with a ms
                      time scale indicate a switchable polarization of about
                      0.6μC/cm2 . Significant switching occurs only above a
                      threshold field of about 3kV/mm , and it occurs with a time
                      delay of about 20μs . The time-resolved diffraction
                      experiment yields, for sufficiently high voltage pulses, a
                      systematic variation by about 0.1 $\%$ of the intensity of
                      the ( 2,2¯,10¯¯¯¯ ) Bragg reflection, which is
                      attributed to structural switching of domains of the
                      non-centrosymmetric Cc structure to its inversion twins,
                      providing proof of intrinsic ferroelectricity in charge
                      ordered magnetite.},
      cin          = {JCNS-2 / PGI-4 / JARA-FIT},
      ddc          = {540},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)JCNS-2-20110106 / I:(DE-Juel1)PGI-4-20110106 /
                      $I:(DE-82)080009_20140620$},
      pnm          = {144 - Controlling Collective States (POF3-144) / 524 -
                      Controlling Collective States (POF3-524) / 6212 - Quantum
                      Condensed Matter: Magnetism, Superconductivity (POF3-621) /
                      6213 - Materials and Processes for Energy and Transport
                      Technologies (POF3-621) / 6G4 - Jülich Centre for Neutron
                      Research (JCNS) (POF3-623)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-144 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-524 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6212 / G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6213 /
                      G:(DE-HGF)POF3-6G4},
      experiment   = {EXP:(DE-H253)P-P09-20150101},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000502270800001},
      doi          = {10.3390/cryst9110546},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/865929},
}