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@ARTICLE{Schnitt:884095,
      author       = {Schnitt, Sabrina and Löhnert, Ulrich and Preusker, René},
      title        = {{P}otential of {D}ual-{F}requency {R}adar and {M}icrowave
                      {R}adiometer {S}ynergy for {W}ater {V}apor {P}rofiling in
                      the {C}loudy {T}rade-{W}ind {E}nvironment},
      journal      = {Journal of atmospheric and oceanic technology},
      volume       = {37},
      number       = {11},
      issn         = {0739-0572},
      address      = {Boston, Mass.},
      publisher    = {AMS},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03090},
      pages        = {1973–1986},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {High-resolution boundary-layer water vapor profile
                      observations are essential for understanding the interplay
                      between shallow convection, cloudiness and climate in the
                      trade wind atmosphere. As current observation techniques can
                      be limited by low spatial or temporal resolution, the
                      synergistic benefit of combining ground-based microwave
                      radiometer (MWR) and dual-frequency radar is investigated by
                      analysing the retrieval information content and uncertainty.
                      Synthetic MWR brightness temperatures, as well as simulated
                      dual wavelength ratios of two radar frequencies are
                      generated for a combination of Ka- and W-band (KaW), as well
                      as differential absorption radar (DAR) G-band frequencies
                      (167 and 174:8 GHz, G2). The synergy analysis is based on an
                      optimal estimation scheme by varying the configuration of
                      the observation vector. Combining MWR and KaW only
                      marginally increases the retrieval information content. The
                      synergy of MWR with G2 radar is more beneficial due to
                      increasing degrees of freedom (4.5), decreasing retrieval
                      errors, and a more realistic retrieved profile within the
                      cloud layer. The information and profile below and within
                      the cloud is driven by the radar observations, whereas the
                      synergistic benefit is largest above the cloud layer, where
                      information content is enhanced compared to a MWR-only or
                      DAR-only setup. For full synergistic benefits, however,
                      G-band radar sensitivities need to allow full-cloud
                      profiling; in this case, the results suggest that a combined
                      retrieval of MWR and G-band DAR can help close the
                      observational gap of current techniques.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {243 - Tropospheric trace substances and their
                      transformation processes (POF3-243)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-243},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000617313200004},
      doi          = {10.1175/JTECH-D-19-0110.1},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/884095},
}