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000885395 1001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)177681$$aLaube, Johannes C.$$b0$$eCorresponding author
000885395 245__ $$aInvestigating stratospheric changes between 2009 and 2018 with halogenated trace gas data from aircraft, AirCores, and a global model focusing on CFC-11
000885395 260__ $$aKatlenburg-Lindau$$bEGU$$c2020
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000885395 520__ $$aWe present new observations of trace gases in the stratosphere based on a cost-effective sampling technique that can access much higher altitudes than aircraft. The further development of this method now provides detection of species with abundances in the parts per trillion (ppt) range and below. We obtain mixing ratios for six gases (CFC-11, CFC-12, HCFC-22, H-1211, H-1301, and SF6), all of which are important for understanding stratospheric ozone depletion and circulation. After demonstrating the quality of the data through comparisons with ground-based records and aircraft-based observations, we combine them with the latter to demonstrate its potential. We first compare the data with results from a global model driven by three widely used meteorological reanalyses. Secondly, we focus on CFC-11 as recent evidence has indicated renewed atmospheric emissions of that species relevant on a global scale. Because the stratosphere represents the main sink region for CFC-11, potential changes in stratospheric circulation and troposphere–stratosphere exchange fluxes have been identified as the largest source of uncertainty for the accurate quantification of such emissions. Our observations span over a decade (up until 2018) and therefore cover the period of the slowdown of CFC-11 global mixing ratio decreases measured at the Earth's surface. The spatial and temporal coverage of the observations is insufficient for a global quantitative analysis, but we do find some trends that are in contrast with expectations, indicating that the stratosphere may have contributed to the slower concentration decline in recent years. Further investigating the reanalysis-driven model data, we find that the dynamical changes in the stratosphere required to explain the apparent change in tropospheric CFC-11 emissions after 2013 are possible but with a very high uncertainty range. This is partly caused by the high variability of mass flux from the stratosphere to the troposphere, especially at timescales of a few years, and partly by large differences between runs driven by different reanalysis products, none of which agree with our observations well enough for such a quantitative analysis.
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000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aElvidge, Emma C. Leedham$$b1
000885395 7001_ $$00000-0002-8224-5399$$aAdcock, Karina E.$$b2
000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBaier, Bianca$$b3
000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aBrenninkmeijer, Carl A. M.$$b4
000885395 7001_ $$00000-0002-1573-6673$$aChen, Huilin$$b5
000885395 7001_ $$00000-0002-3467-0083$$aDroste, Elise S.$$b6
000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)129122$$aGrooß, Jens-Uwe$$b7
000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHeikkinen, Pauli$$b8
000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aHind, Andrew J.$$b9
000885395 7001_ $$00000-0001-8828-2759$$aKivi, Rigel$$b10
000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aLojko, Alexander$$b11
000885395 7001_ $$00000-0002-9396-0400$$aMontzka, Stephen A.$$b12
000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aOram, David E.$$b13
000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aRandall, Steve$$b14
000885395 7001_ $$00000-0002-6688-8968$$aRöckmann, Thomas$$b15
000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-HGF)0$$aSturges, William T.$$b16
000885395 7001_ $$00000-0002-4517-0797$$aSweeney, Colm$$b17
000885395 7001_ $$aThomas, Max$$b18
000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)178873$$aTuffnell, Elinor$$b19$$ufzj
000885395 7001_ $$0P:(DE-Juel1)129141$$aPloeger, Felix$$b20$$ufzj
000885395 773__ $$0PERI:(DE-600)2069847-1$$a10.5194/acp-20-9771-2020$$gVol. 20, no. 16, p. 9771 - 9782$$n16$$p9771 - 9782$$tAtmospheric chemistry and physics$$v20$$x1680-7324$$y2020
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