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@ARTICLE{Laube:885395,
      author       = {Laube, Johannes C. and Elvidge, Emma C. Leedham and Adcock,
                      Karina E. and Baier, Bianca and Brenninkmeijer, Carl A. M.
                      and Chen, Huilin and Droste, Elise S. and Grooß, Jens-Uwe
                      and Heikkinen, Pauli and Hind, Andrew J. and Kivi, Rigel and
                      Lojko, Alexander and Montzka, Stephen A. and Oram, David E.
                      and Randall, Steve and Röckmann, Thomas and Sturges,
                      William T. and Sweeney, Colm and Thomas, Max and Tuffnell,
                      Elinor and Ploeger, Felix},
      title        = {{I}nvestigating stratospheric changes between 2009 and 2018
                      with halogenated trace gas data from aircraft, {A}ir{C}ores,
                      and a global model focusing on {CFC}-11},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {20},
      number       = {16},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-03792},
      pages        = {9771 - 9782},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {We present new observations of trace gases in the
                      stratosphere based on a cost-effective sampling technique
                      that can access much higher altitudes than aircraft. The
                      further development of this method now provides detection of
                      species with abundances in the parts per trillion (ppt)
                      range and below. We obtain mixing ratios for six gases
                      (CFC-11, CFC-12, HCFC-22, H-1211, H-1301, and SF6), all of
                      which are important for understanding stratospheric ozone
                      depletion and circulation. After demonstrating the quality
                      of the data through comparisons with ground-based records
                      and aircraft-based observations, we combine them with the
                      latter to demonstrate its potential. We first compare the
                      data with results from a global model driven by three widely
                      used meteorological reanalyses. Secondly, we focus on CFC-11
                      as recent evidence has indicated renewed atmospheric
                      emissions of that species relevant on a global scale.
                      Because the stratosphere represents the main sink region for
                      CFC-11, potential changes in stratospheric circulation and
                      troposphere–stratosphere exchange fluxes have been
                      identified as the largest source of uncertainty for the
                      accurate quantification of such emissions. Our observations
                      span over a decade (up until 2018) and therefore cover the
                      period of the slowdown of CFC-11 global mixing ratio
                      decreases measured at the Earth's surface. The spatial and
                      temporal coverage of the observations is insufficient for a
                      global quantitative analysis, but we do find some trends
                      that are in contrast with expectations, indicating that the
                      stratosphere may have contributed to the slower
                      concentration decline in recent years. Further investigating
                      the reanalysis-driven model data, we find that the dynamical
                      changes in the stratosphere required to explain the apparent
                      change in tropospheric CFC-11 emissions after 2013 are
                      possible but with a very high uncertainty range. This is
                      partly caused by the high variability of mass flux from the
                      stratosphere to the troposphere, especially at timescales of
                      a few years, and partly by large differences between runs
                      driven by different reanalysis products, none of which agree
                      with our observations well enough for such a quantitative
                      analysis.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000563076900003},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-20-9771-2020},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/885395},
}