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@ARTICLE{Krmer:889042,
      author       = {Krämer, Martina and Rolf, Christian and Spelten, Nicole
                      and Afchine, Armin and Fahey, David and Jensen, Eric and
                      Khaykin, Sergey and Kuhn, Thomas and Lawson, Paul and Lykov,
                      Alexey and Pan, Laura L. and Riese, Martin and Rollins,
                      Andrew and Stroh, Fred and Thornberry, Troy and Wolf,
                      Veronika and Woods, Sarah and Spichtinger, Peter and Quaas,
                      Johannes and Sourdeval, Odran},
      title        = {{A} microphysics guide to cirrus – {P}art 2:
                      {C}limatologies of clouds and humidity from observations},
      journal      = {Atmospheric chemistry and physics},
      volume       = {20},
      number       = {21},
      issn         = {1680-7324},
      address      = {Katlenburg-Lindau},
      publisher    = {EGU},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2020-05412},
      pages        = {12569 - 12608},
      year         = {2020},
      abstract     = {This study presents airborne in situ and satellite remote
                      sensing climatologies of cirrus clouds and humidity. The
                      climatologies serve as a guide to the properties of cirrus
                      clouds, with the new in situ database providing detailed
                      insights into boreal midlatitudes and the tropics, while the
                      satellite-borne data set offers a global overview.To this
                      end, an extensive, quality-checked data archive, the Cirrus
                      Guide II in situ database, is created from airborne in situ
                      measurements during 150 flights in 24 campaigns. The archive
                      contains meteorological parameters, ice water content (IWC),
                      ice crystal number concentration (Nice), ice crystal mean
                      mass radius (Rice), relative humidity with respect to ice
                      (RHice), and water vapor mixing ratio (H2O) for each of the
                      flights. Depending on the parameter, the database has been
                      extended by about a factor of 5–10 compared to earlier
                      studies.As one result of our investigation, we show that the
                      medians of Nice, Rice, and RHice have distinct patterns in
                      the IWC–T parameter space. Lookup tables of these
                      variables as functions of IWC and T can be used to improve
                      global model cirrus representation and remote sensing
                      retrieval methods. Another outcome of our investigation is
                      that across all latitudes, the thicker liquid-origin cirrus
                      predominate at lower altitudes, while at higher altitudes
                      the thinner in situ-origin cirrus prevail. Further,
                      examination of the radiative characteristics of in
                      situ-origin and liquid-origin cirrus shows that the in
                      situ-origin cirrus only slightly warm the atmosphere, while
                      liquid-origin cirrus have a strong cooling effect.An
                      important step in completing the Cirrus Guide II is the
                      provision of the global cirrus Nice climatology, derived by
                      means of the retrieval algorithm DARDAR-Nice from 10 years
                      of cirrus remote sensing observations from satellite. The in
                      situ measurement database has been used to evaluate and
                      improve the satellite observations. We found that the global
                      median Nice from satellite observations is almost 2 times
                      higher than the in situ median and increases slightly with
                      decreasing temperature. Nice medians of the most frequently
                      occurring cirrus sorted by geographical regions are highest
                      in the tropics, followed by austral and boreal midlatitudes,
                      Antarctica, and the Arctic. Since the satellite
                      climatologies enclose the entire spatial and temporal Nice
                      occurrence, we could deduce that half of the cirrus are
                      located in the lowest, warmest (224–242 K) cirrus layer
                      and contain a significant amount of liquid-origin cirrus.A
                      specific highlight of the study is the in situ observations
                      of cirrus and humidity in the Asian monsoon anticyclone and
                      the comparison to the surrounding tropics. In the
                      convectively very active Asian monsoon, peak values of Nice
                      and IWC of 30 cm−3 and 1000 ppmv are detected around
                      the cold point tropopause (CPT). Above the CPT, ice
                      particles that are convectively injected can locally add a
                      significant amount of water available for exchange with the
                      stratosphere. We found IWCs of up to 8 ppmv in the Asian
                      monsoon in comparison to only 2 ppmv in the surrounding
                      tropics. Also, the highest RHice values
                      $(120 \%–150 \%)$ inside of clouds and in clear sky
                      are observed around and above the CPT. We attribute this to
                      the high H2O mixing ratios (typically 3–5 ppmv) observed
                      in the Asian monsoon compared to 1.5 to 3 ppmv found in
                      the tropics. Above the CPT, supersaturations of
                      $10 \%–20 \%$ are observed in regions of weak
                      convective activity and up to about $50 \%$ in the Asian
                      monsoon. This implies that the water available for transport
                      into the stratosphere might be higher than the expected
                      saturation value.},
      cin          = {IEK-7},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-7-20101013},
      pnm          = {244 - Composition and dynamics of the upper troposphere and
                      middle atmosphere (POF3-244)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-244},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000583697500003},
      doi          = {10.5194/acp-20-12569-2020},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/889042},
}