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@ARTICLE{Gkatzelis:890957,
      author       = {Gkatzelis, Georgios and Gilman, Jessica B. and Brown,
                      Steven S. and Eskes, Henk and Gomes, A. Rita and Lange, Anne
                      C. and McDonald, Brian C. and Peischl, Jeff and Petzold,
                      Andreas and Thompson, Chelsea R. and Kiendler-Scharr,
                      Astrid},
      title        = {{T}he global impacts of {COVID}-19 lockdowns on urban air
                      pollution},
      journal      = {Elementa},
      volume       = {9},
      number       = {1},
      issn         = {2325-1026},
      address      = {Washington, DC},
      publisher    = {BioOne},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-01273},
      pages        = {00176},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {The coronavirus-19 (COVID-19) pandemic led to government
                      interventions to limit the spread of the disease which are
                      unprecedented in recent history; for example, stay at home
                      orders led to sudden decreases in atmospheric emissions from
                      the transportation sector. In this review article, the
                      current understanding of the influence of emission
                      reductions on atmospheric pollutant concentrations and air
                      quality is summarized for nitrogen dioxide (NO2),
                      particulate matter (PM2.5), ozone (O3), ammonia, sulfur
                      dioxide, black carbon, volatile organic compounds, and
                      carbon monoxide (CO). In the first 7 months following the
                      onset of the pandemic, more than 200 papers were accepted by
                      peer-reviewed journals utilizing observations from
                      ground-based and satellite instruments. Only about one-third
                      of this literature incorporates a specific method for
                      meteorological correction or normalization for comparing
                      data from the lockdown period with prior reference
                      observations despite the importance of doing so on the
                      interpretation of results. We use the government stringency
                      index (SI) as an indicator for the severity of lockdown
                      measures and show how key air pollutants change as the SI
                      increases. The observed decrease of NO2 with increasing SI
                      is in general agreement with emission inventories that
                      account for the lockdown. Other compounds such as O3, PM2.5,
                      and CO are also broadly covered. Due to the importance of
                      atmospheric chemistry on O3 and PM2.5 concentrations, their
                      responses may not be linear with respect to primary
                      pollutants. At most sites, we found O3 increased, whereas
                      PM2.5 decreased slightly, with increasing SI. Changes of
                      other compounds are found to be understudied. We highlight
                      future research needs for utilizing the emerging data sets
                      as a preview of a future state of the atmosphere in a world
                      with targeted permanent reductions of emissions. Finally, we
                      emphasize the need to account for the effects of
                      meteorology, emission trends, and atmospheric chemistry when
                      determining the lockdown effects on pollutant
                      concentrations.},
      cin          = {IEK-8},
      ddc          = {550},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-8-20101013},
      pnm          = {211 - Die Atmosphäre im globalen Wandel (POF4-211)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-211},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000667018500001},
      doi          = {10.1525/elementa.2021.00176},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/890957},
}