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@ARTICLE{Beale:891150,
      author       = {Beale, Steven B. and Andersson, Martin and Boigues-Muñoz,
                      Carlos and Frandsen, Henrik L. and Lin, Zijing and McPhail,
                      Stephen J. and Ni, Meng and Sundén, Bengt and Weber, André
                      and Weber, Adam Z.},
      title        = {{C}ontinuum scale modelling and complementary
                      experimentation of solid oxide cells},
      journal      = {Progress in energy and combustion science},
      volume       = {85},
      issn         = {0360-1285},
      address      = {Amsterdam [u.a.]},
      publisher    = {Elsevier Science},
      reportid     = {FZJ-2021-01399},
      pages        = {100902 -},
      year         = {2021},
      abstract     = {Solid oxide cells are an exciting technology for energy
                      conversion. Fuel cells, based on solid oxide technology,
                      convert hydrogen or hydrogen-rich fuels into electrical
                      energy, with potential applications in stationary power
                      generation. Conversely, solid oxide electrolysers convert
                      electricity into chemical energy, thereby offering the
                      potential to store energy from transient resources, such as
                      wind turbines and other renewable technologies. For solid
                      oxide cells to displace conventional energy conversion
                      devices in the marketplace, reliability must be improved,
                      product lifecycles extended, and unit costs reduced.
                      Mathematical models can provide qualitative and quantitative
                      insight into physical phenomena and performance, over a
                      range of length and time scales. The purpose of this paper
                      is to provide the reader with a summary of the state-of-the
                      art of solid oxide cell models. These range from: simple
                      methods based on lumped parameters with little or no
                      kinetics to detailed, time-dependent, three-dimensional
                      solutions for electric field potentials, complex chemical
                      kinetics and fully-comprehensive equations of motion based
                      on effective transport properties. Many mathematical models
                      have, in the past, been based on inaccurate property values
                      obtained from the literature, as well as over-simplistic
                      schemes to compute effective values. It is important to be
                      aware of the underlying experimental methods available to
                      parameterise mathematical models, as well as validate
                      results. In this article, state-of-the-art techniques for
                      measuring kinetic, electric and transport properties are
                      also described. Methods such as electrochemical impedance
                      spectroscopy allow for fundamental physicochemical
                      parameters to be obtained. In addition, effective properties
                      may be obtained using micro-scale computer simulations based
                      on digital reconstruction obtained from X-ray
                      tomography/focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy,
                      as well as percolation theory. The cornerstone of model
                      validation, namely the polarisation or current-voltage
                      diagram, provides necessary, but insufficient information to
                      substantiate the reliability of detailed model calculations.
                      The results of physical experiments which precisely mimic
                      the details of model conditions are scarce, and it is fair
                      to say there is a gap between the two activities. The
                      purpose of this review is to introduce the reader to the
                      current state-of-the art of solid oxide analysis techniques,
                      in a tutorial fashion, not only numerical and but also
                      experimental, and to emphasise the cross-linkages between
                      techniques.},
      cin          = {IEK-14},
      ddc          = {660},
      cid          = {I:(DE-Juel1)IEK-14-20191129},
      pnm          = {135 - Fuel Cells (POF3-135) / 1231 - Electrochemistry for
                      Hydrogen (POF4-123)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF3-135 / G:(DE-HGF)POF4-1231},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      UT           = {WOS:000651459000001},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.pecs.2020.100902},
      url          = {https://juser.fz-juelich.de/record/891150},
}